Reciprocity-Enhanced Optical Communication Through Atmospheric Turbulence—Part I: Reciprocity Proofs and Far-Field Power Transfer Optimization

Shapiro, Jeffrey H.; Puryear, Andrew

doi:10.1364/jocn.4.000947

Cited by 53 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…A more effective solution to this challenge is provided by the reciprocity of a single-mode link through the atmosphere. The atmosphere has been shown both theoretically [48][49][50][51] and through measurements of amplitude fluctuations [51,52] to be reciprocal for propagation times shorter than the coherence time of the turbulence. In Ref.…”

Section: Implications For Stability and Accuracy Of One-way Opticamentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical phase noise from atmospheric fluctuations and its impact on optical time-frequency transfer

et al. 2014

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The time of flight for a laser beam through the atmosphere will fluctuate as the path-averaged index of refraction varies with atmospheric turbulence, air temperature, and pressure. We measure these fluctuations by transmitting optical pulses from a frequency comb across a 2-km horizontal path and detecting variations in their time of flight through linear optical sampling. This technique is capable of continuous measurements, with femtosecond resolution, over time scales of many hours despite turbulence-induced signal fading. The power spectral density for the time of flight, or equivalently for the optical phase, follows a simple power-law response of ∝f −2.3 measured down to Fourier frequencies, f , of 100 μHz. There is no evidence of a roll-off at low frequencies associated with an outer scale for turbulence. Both of these results depart from the predictions of turbulence theory, but are consistent with some other results in the literature. We discuss the implications for the stability and accuracy of one-way optical time-frequency transfer.

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Section: Implications For Stability and Accuracy Of One-way Opticamentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical phase noise from atmospheric fluctuations and its impact on optical time-frequency transfer

et al. 2014

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“…1d). This indicates that the coherence time of atmospheric turbulence lies in the millisecond range, as usually the case in normal air conditions 25 . The propagation delay of light traveling over our 18 km free-space link is 62.5 μs, much faster than the atmospheric coherence time, thereby permitting turbulent eddies to be assumed frozen in space 26 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Free-space transfer of comb-rooted optical frequencies over an 18 km open-air link

et al. 2019

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Phase-coherent transfer of optical frequencies over a long distance is required for diverse photonic applications, including optical clock dissemination and physical constants measurement. Several demonstrations were made successfully over fiber networks, but not much work has been done yet through the open air where atmospheric turbulence prevails. Here, we use an 18 km outdoor link to transmit multiple optical carriers extracted directly from a frequency comb of a 4.2 THz spectral width. In stabilization to a high-finesse cavity with a 1.5 Hz linewidth, the comb-rooted optical carriers are simultaneously transferred with collective suppression of atmospheric phase noise to −80 dBc Hz−1. Microwaves are also delivered by pairing two separate optical carriers bound with inter-comb-mode coherence, for example a 10 GHz signal with phase noise of −105 dBc Hz−1 at 1 Hz offset. Lastly, an add-on demonstration is given for multi-channel coherent optical communications with the potential of multi-Tbps data transmission in free space.

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“…the power fluctuation in forward and backward channels is the same for sufficiently small FSO terminals. More relaxed conditions were studied in [7]. It was confirmed by practical measurements and simulations that the correlation coefficient between both channels is still acceptably high even for separated transmitting and receiving lenses with different diameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Simulation model of correlated FSO channels

Kolka

Biolková

Wilfert

et al. 2015

2015 Conference on Microwave Techniques (COMITE)

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The paper deals with a parameterized model for simulation of packet transmission on duplex atmospheric Free-Space Optical (FSO) links. Under certain conditions the optical propagation through atmospheric turbulence is reciprocal, i.e. the power fluctuation in forward and backward channels is highly correlated. The paper deals with a model for generating correlated and colored lognormal time series for time-domain simulation of packet transmission. The probability of occurrence of errors in each packet can be computed analytically based on noise performance of the receiver and one sample of randomly generated received power. The model is demonstrated in a parametric study of performance of FSO terminals whose link layer includes transmitter blocking during deep fades.

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Reciprocity-Enhanced Optical Communication Through Atmospheric Turbulence—Part I: Reciprocity Proofs and Far-Field Power Transfer Optimization

Cited by 53 publications

References 19 publications

Optical phase noise from atmospheric fluctuations and its impact on optical time-frequency transfer

Optical phase noise from atmospheric fluctuations and its impact on optical time-frequency transfer

Free-space transfer of comb-rooted optical frequencies over an 18 km open-air link

Simulation model of correlated FSO channels

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