“…These drawbacks can be resolved by region-based shape feature extraction methods, which represent an image as one or a collection of interior shape regions. Mainstream methods for deriving region-based shape descriptors include image moment-based descriptors (Borde, Varpe, Manza, & Yannawar, 2014;Chen & Sun, 2010;Papakostas, Boutalis, Karras, & Mertzios, 2007), gridbased descriptors (Lu & Sajjanhar, 1999), and distributionbased shape descriptors. Distribution-based shape descriptors are derived according to histograms of points or subregions of interest inside an image, for example, scaleinvariant feature descriptors (Lowe, 2004), oriented gradient-based descriptors (Dalal & Triggs, 2005;Mikolajczyk & Schmid, 2005), and sped-up robust features (Bay, Ess, Tuytelaars, & Van, 2008).…”