Recovery of Co, Mn, Ni, and Li from spent lithium ion batteries for the preparation of LiNi Co Mn O2 cathode materials

Summary By year 2020, due to enormous growth of production of electric vehicles, it is estimated that approximately 250 000 tons of battery must be disposed or recycled. Till date, the technology to recycle this much amount of batteries in a single year does not exist. Nor, do the methods for recycling are standardized and regulated because of differences in configurations of battery packs. This article conducts a systematic review on research of recycling methods for battery pack used in various stages such as from the dismantling/ disassembly of the battery pack, the detection of the residual energy of the battery, and the recycling/recovery of materials from the battery. The review summarizes basically the 2 main aspects of recycling of battery pack: the mechanical procedure and the chemical recycling. The work describes the existing recycling technology in these 2 aspects and identifies the important research problems in the process of recycling of battery pack such as (1) complexity of dismantling process of battery pack; (2) diversity of connectors used in battery pack; (3) safety of dismantling of battery pack; (4) instability of chemical materials in battery; (5) the chaos of the recycling market; and (6) emerging battery dismantling technologies. One important direction suggested is the automation of battery pack disassembly, which is a main factor towards formulation of generic framework for recycling of battery pack in an efficient manner. Based on these gaps, the present work also proposes a framework for the recycling of battery pack by combining the semi‐automation mechanical procedure of battery pack and enhanced chemical recycling of battery for recovery of vital materials. Future work for authors is to work on establishing and validation of proposed framework. The advantages of the proposed framework are compared with that obtained from the existing framework. The proposed framework when used shall result in efficient and effective recycling of battery module and promote greener environment.

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“…During the recycling process, the chemical treatment is necessary. The chemical treatment mainly comprises 3 methods as follows:…”

Section: Research On Recycling Of Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

A generic framework for recycling of battery module for electric vehicle by combining the mechanical and chemical procedures

Zhang

Garg

et al. 2018

Int J Energy Res

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“…A physical pre-treatment for the separation of the cathode active materials from the Al foil using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as ultrasonic solvent and calcination was tested by Yang et al [35]. A method of melting the PVDF binder to separate the Al foil and cathode material from spent LIBs was investigated by Zeng et al [36].…”

Section: New Developments For Li-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent battery flows, characterization and recycling processes

Vieceli¹,

Pedrosa²,

Margarido³

et al. 2016

Int. J. SDP

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Spent batteries are an important waste flow regarding the recovery of the contained metals motivated by economic, environmental and strategic reasons. The portable battery market is dominated by primary Zn-Mn cells, but the market of secondary batteries are continuously growing, with particular relevance for Li-ion batteries, used in practically all electronic devices. The batteries are metal concentrates, having metal grades such as 20%-30% of Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, depending on the battery system. These metals are specifically concentrated in the electrodes, which are the most important component of a battery. The most usual chemical forms of these metals in the electrodes are oxides or hydrated oxides, but other solid phases can be found such as metal alloys. The recycling of batteries can be done by pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. The first one usually involves the distillation of some more volatile metals, such as Zn in Zn-Mn cells and Cd in Ni-Cd cells. For Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries, some pyrometallurgical approaches involve the melting and recovery of Ni or Co, but with losses of other metals (like lithium and rare earths). The hydrometallurgical alternative allows higher metal recovery rates, as practised industrially for Zn-Mn and Li-ion batteries. Many studies on alternative processes for recycling Li-ion batteries have been intensively carried out due to the special interest on these batteries nowadays and in the future.

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“…Na primer, broj aktivnih mobilnih uređaja širom sveta je dostigao oko 7 milijardi. Očekuje se da će u Kini masa istrošenih litijum-jonskih baterija do 2020. godine prevazići 500000 t [1,2]. Litijum-jonske baterije sadrže veliku količinu metala kao što su Li, Co, Mn, Ni, Cu i Al, od kojih su neki skupi i od strateškog značaja, kao i toksične i zapaljive elektrolite, pa mogu da imaju štetan uticaj na životnu sredinu.…”

unclassified

“…Brojne studije se bave recikliranjem istrošenih Li--jonskih baterija sa ciljem da se dobije što je moguće veća količina vredonosnih metala Co, Li, Cu, Mn, Ni,... [1,4,5,[7][8][9]. Postoji nekoliko kompanija u svetu kao što su AEA Technology (UK), SNAM (Francuska), Toxco (Kanada), Umicore (Belgija) koje su razvile proces reciklaže metala iz katode istrošenih litijum jonskih baterija [8].…”

unclassified

“…U poređenju sa velikim brojem istraživanja u pogledu recikliranja metala [1,5,[7][8][9], u literaturi postoji vrlo mali broj radova koji se bave resintezom katodnog materijala iz katode istrošenih Li-jonskih baterija i eva-luacijom njegovog ponovnog korišćenja. Postoji nekoliko radova koji se odnose na resintezu LiCoO 2 [11,15,16], LiCo 1/3 Mn 1/3 Ni 1/3 O 2 [12,14,17,18], i čak LiFePO 4 [19], koristeći istrošene Li-jonske baterije.…”

unclassified

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Recycling of LiCo0.59Mn0.26Ni0.15O2 cathodic material from spent Li-ion batteries by the method of the citrate gel combustion

Senćanski

Vujković

Stojković

et al. 2017

Hem Ind

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određen je atomskom apsorpcionom spektrometrijom, pri čemu su ispitivane komponente prethodno prevedene u stanje rastvora. Nakon odvajanja katodnog materijala i prevođenja u stanje nitratnog rastvora ponovo je izvršena sinteza metodom sagorevanja citratnog gela. Dobijeni proizvod je, nakon žarenja na 750 °C, karakterisan metodama difrakcije X-zraka i ramanske spektroskopije. Dobijen je proizvod stehiometrijskog sastava LiCo 0,59 Mn 0,26 Ni 0,15 O 2 , heksagonalne slojevite strukture tipa α-NaFeO 2 . Funkcionalnost resintetisanog materijala ispitana je u 1 M rastvoru LiClO 4 u propilen-karbonatu, galvanostatskim punjenjem i pražnjenjem, pri gustini struje od 0,7 C. Reciklirani materijal pokazuje relativno dobre kapacitete punjenja i pražnjenja koji iznose 94,9 i 64,8 mA h g -1 , redom. Ključne reči: reciklaža Li-jonskih baterija, katodni materijal, sol-gel metod. NAUČNI RAD UDK 621.352:544.6:66:658.567 Hem. Ind. 71 (3) 211-220 (2017) Dostupno na Internetu sa adrese časopisa: http://www.ache.org.rs/HI/Li-jonske baterije danas dominiraju u polju visoke tehnologije (mobilni telefoni, prenosni elektronski uređaji i sl.), a veliki napori se ulažu da se prilagode za napajanje energijom električnih automobila. Brz razvoj visokih tehnologija ukazuje i na brz rast količine istrošenih baterija. U periodu od 2000. do 2010. godine godišnja proizvodnja Li-jonskih baterija u svetu se povećala za 800%. Na primer, broj aktivnih mobilnih uređaja širom sveta je dostigao oko 7 milijardi. Očekuje se da će u Kini masa istrošenih litijum-jonskih baterija do 2020. godine prevazići 500000 t [1,2]. Litijum-jonske baterije sadrže veliku količinu metala kao što su Li, Co, Mn, Ni, Cu i Al, od kojih su neki skupi i od strateškog značaja, kao i toksične i zapaljive elektrolite, pa mogu da imaju štetan uticaj na životnu sredinu. Stoga, njihovo recikliranje nakon korišćenja postaje neizbežno. Rastuća zabrinutost zbog zagađenja životne sredine u poslednjoj deceniji je rezultirala strožijoj regulaciji otpada koji Prepiska: M. Vujković, Fakultet za Fizičku Hemiju, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Studentski trg 12-16,

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Recovery of Co, Mn, Ni, and Li from spent lithium ion batteries for the preparation of LiNi Co Mn O2 cathode materials

Cited by 113 publications

References 22 publications

A generic framework for recycling of battery module for electric vehicle by combining the mechanical and chemical procedures

A generic framework for recycling of battery module for electric vehicle by combining the mechanical and chemical procedures

Spent battery flows, characterization and recycling processes

Recycling of LiCo0.59Mn0.26Ni0.15O2 cathodic material from spent Li-ion batteries by the method of the citrate gel combustion

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