Recovery of Struvite From Stored Human Urine

Tilley, Elizabeth; Atwater, James W.; Mavinic, Donald S.

doi:10.1080/09593330801987129

Cited by 54 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…High phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in urine that has undergone urea hydrolysis create an ample environment for the formation of struvite (Tilley et al 2008b). Struvite has been successfully recovered from source-separated urine at an office building in Germany utilizing a batch reactor system to create a fine powder .…”

Section: Research Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Struvite precipitation chemistry is investigated in section 2.2.6 of this thesis. Dilution of urine from wastewater or water has a negative influence on the phosphorus recovery potential as struvite (Liu et al 2014, Tilley et al 2008b. This is most likely due to the dilution of the urine in turn decreasing the supersaturation of phosphorus and introduction of ions such as a calcium and magnesium precipitating out available phosphate.…”

Section: Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High drainage slopes, increased pipe diameter and configuration of piping systems to include a u-bend are important with respect to maintenance associated with descaling formed precipitates that create blockages and decreasing odor issues (Jonsson et al 1997). In smaller research applications, urine has been collected in small containers and consolidated due to lack of urinediverting toilets (Tilley et al 2008b). …”

Section: Separation and Collection Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in aged source separated urine create an ample environment for the formation of struvite (Tilley et al 2008b). Mass and particle size of struvite recovery from urine is dependent on pH, magnesium to phosphorus (Mg:P) dosing ratio, storage conditions, and strength of feed solution (Ronteltap et al 2007b, Ronteltap et al 2010, Tilley et al 2008a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Struvite Recovery From Source-Separated Urine Utilizing Fluidized Bed Technology

Gagnon¹

2016

proc water environ fed

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Source-separating urine for nutrient recovery may provide multiple benefits with regards to wastewater management, water conservation, and an impending phosphorus fertilizer shortage. Municipal wastewater systems are designed to treat the combination of urine, feces and graywater produced in household applications. Urine accounts for 1% of wastewater by volume, but provides 70-90% of nitrogen, 35-70% of phosphorus and 50% of the contaminants of emerging concern entering municipal wastewater treatment (Larsen and Gujer 1996). Research has shown managing source-separated urine for nutrient recovery is a more cost effective and less treatment intensive method than using traditional systems found in municipal wastewater plants.Phosphorus fertilizer shortages are projected as current sources diminish and become increasingly difficult to extract and refine. Phosphorus based-fertilizer recovery, in the form of 99.9% pure struvite also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH 4 PO 4 •6H 2 O), has been demonstrated successfully in full-scale sidestream treatment using dewatering liquor from anaerobically digested solids (centrate) processed through upflow fluidized bed reactor technologies (Britton et al. 2005). Prior research determined the influence of pH, magnesium to phosphorus (Mg:P) molar ratio, and age of urine on purity, pharmaceutical content and pathogen inclusion in struvite precipitated from source-separated urine. This is the first known example of an attempt to produce a commercially viable struvite product from source-separated urine in a fluidized bed reactor of a design that has been used successfully for struvite recovery in conventional wastewater applications.In order to assess the feasibility of nutrient recovery of phosphorus-based fertilizer recovery from source-separated urine, the first office-based urine separation and collection building was implemented in the U.S. Urine was collected, in a 400 gallon capacity underground sealed manhole, from HRSD's Main office building beginning in March 2015 from five men's waterless urinals and one women's separating toilet. Urine was collected from the manhole on a monthly basis in 275 and 330 gallon plastic totes stored at the HRSD Nansemond WWTP in Suffolk, VA. Collected urine was allowed to age while in storage to encourage the precipitation of excess multivalent cations that may interfere with struvite precipitation and inactivation of pathogens that may be present.An upflow fluidized bed reactor (UFBR) was used to precipitate and recover struvite as slowrelease phosphorus based fertilizer (prill); the reactor was loaned to Hampton Roads Sanitation iii District by the University of British Columbia. A magnesium solution was injected at the bottom of the reactor to facilitate precipitation along with the recycle urine stream and feed urine. Prill production design for the reactor was 0.5 kilograms per day, but while using centrate to determine best operations practices, under loading the reactor to 0.25 kilograms per day maximized struvite rec...

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Section: Research Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Separation and Collection Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Struvite Recovery From Source-Separated Urine Utilizing Fluidized Bed Technology

Gagnon¹

2016

proc water environ fed

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“…Focusing on the classification of domestic wastewater, 40% of phosphorus is discharged in urine [14,15], and 50% is discharged in feces. Phosphorus in feces is easily recovered by a suitable composting process [16][17][18], while the technologies of struvite precipitation [19][20][21][22][23][24], biological recovery [25], electrochemical reactions with iron [26], and the crystallization of calcium phosphate [27,28] are currently applied for the recovery of phosphorus from wastewater or urine. Among these technologies, precipitation process of poor solubil-ity crystals is a physicochemical technique which requires simple operation and high recovery ratio of phosphate, and provides pure crystals with high content of phosphate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphate Recovery from Synthetic Urine with Shell of <i>Mizuhopecten yessoensis</i>

Ito

Funamizu

2016

J. of Wat. & Envir. Tech.

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ABSTRTRACTCalcium phosphate can precipitate from phosphate in urine and calcium carbonate, which is the main component of Mizuhopecten yessoensis shells. Precipitation tests, analyses of SEM-EDS and XRD were carried out to study the formation of calcium phosphate from the shells and synthetic urine, to identify the products, and to investigate the effect of operation conditions on the form of the obtained products. Two precipitation processes were observed at low Ca/P and at high Ca/P ratios. The former involved an increase in pH and a decrease in concentrations of phosphate and calcium to form dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), while the latter involved three steps: 1. a rapid increase in pH and a decrease in the concentrations of phosphate and calcium to form DCPD, 2. a decrease in pH and an increase in the phosphate concentration, causing to change the crystal structure into poorly crystallized apatite, and 3. an increase in pH. The observations of the particle surface by SEM-EDS and powder XRD analysis of precipitates were consistent with these phenomena. Elemental analysis of the cross section of particles showed that the reaction that formed calcium phosphate started from the particle surface and then progressed to inside the particles.

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Human Urine by Struvite Precipitation and Air Stripping in Vietnam

Antonini

Paris²,

Eichert

et al. 2011

CLEAN Soil Air Water

106

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A ''No Mix'' sanitation system was installed in a dormitory at the University of CanTho in South Vietnam, with the objective of recycling nutrients from source separated wastewater streams. This paper presents the ''Yellow Water'' treatment plant and its efficiency in recovering phosphorus and nitrogen from human urine. The pilot plant achieved phosphorus removal efficiencies of 98% with both diluted and undiluted urine. Phosphorus was recovered in the form of struvite, a solid mineral fertilizer with heavy metal concentrations being below the German Fertilizer Regulation's threshold limits. About 110 g of struvite could be generated after one treatment cycle, during which 50 L of urine were processed. Nitrogen removal by air stripping showed best results when circulating the urine for 3 h through the stripping column at a high flow rate (80 L/h). With these settings, more than 90% of the nitrogen could be removed from the urine, and virtually 100% of this nitrogen could be recovered in the form of liquid ammonium sulfate. In the future, treatment costs could be further reduced by making use of the solar energy that is available during daytime in South Vietnam.

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Recovery of Struvite From Stored Human Urine

Cited by 54 publications

References 14 publications

Struvite Recovery From Source-Separated Urine Utilizing Fluidized Bed Technology

Struvite Recovery From Source-Separated Urine Utilizing Fluidized Bed Technology

Phosphate Recovery from Synthetic Urine with Shell of <i>Mizuhopecten yessoensis</i>

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Human Urine by Struvite Precipitation and Air Stripping in Vietnam

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