Recruitment of predators and parasitoids by herbivore-injured plants

Turlings, Ted C. J.; Wäckers, Félix

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511542664.003

Cited by 300 publications

(272 citation statements)

References 291 publications

(333 reference statements)

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“…However, given the pattern of oviposition and the limited field-to-field migration observed with the kinship analyses in C. insularis, specialization could evolve if plant traits affect the parasitoid's foraging behaviour and performance. Plant volatiles emitted in response to herbivory play an important role in the foraging behaviour of larval parasitoids (Turlings & Wäckers 2004). Egg parasitoids have been shown to use cues left by ovipositing females, but evidence is mounting that egg deposition also induces volatile emissions in plants and that egg parasitoids use these volatiles as cues to locate hosts (Fatouros et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetic structure of two primary parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera), Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera): to what extent is the host plant important?

et al. 2010

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Plant chemistry can strongly influence interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies, either by providing volatile compounds that serve as foraging cues for parasitoids or predators, or by affecting the quality of herbivores as hosts or prey. Through these effects plants may influence parasitoid population genetic structure. We tested for a possible specialization on specific crop plants in Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis, two primary parasitoids of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Throughout Mexico, S. frugiperda larvae were collected from their main host plants, maize and sorghum and parasitoids that emerged from the larvae were used for subsequent comparison by molecular analysis. Genetic variation at eight and 11 microsatellites were respectively assayed for C. insularis and C. sonorensis to examine isolation by distance, host plant and regional effects. Kinship analyses were also performed to assess female migration among host-plants. The analyses showed considerable within population variation and revealed a significant regional effect. No effect of host plant on population structure of either of the two parasitoid species was found. Isolation by distance was observed at the individual level, but not at the population level. Kinship analyses revealed significantly more genetically related-or kin-individuals on the same plant species than on different plant species, suggesting that locally, mothers preferentially stay on the same plant species. Although the standard population genetics parameters showed no effect of plant species on population structure, the kinship analyses revealed that mothers exhibit plant species fidelity, which may speed up divergence if adaptation were to occur.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetic structure of two primary parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera), Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera): to what extent is the host plant important?

et al. 2010

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“…It is generally assumed that HIPVs are exploited by natural enemies of the herbivores in order to locate their host or prey (Dicke, 1999;Turlings and Wäckers, 2004), but which compounds of a volatile blend are actually important in the foraging behavior of natural enemies is not yet known for most tritrophic systems (Dicke and van Loon, 2000). Previous studies on caterpillar-induced maize volatiles showed that qualitative differences in the odor blend may be more important for the attraction of parasitic wasps than quantitative differences (Fritzsche Hoballah et al, 2002).…”

Section: Attractiveness Of Shikimic Acid Derived Vocsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are exploited by predators and parasitoids as foraging signals that help them locate their herbivorous prey or hosts (Turlings and Wäckers, 2004;Arimura et al, 2005). At present, more than 1000 low-molecular-weight organic compounds have been reported to be emitted from plants, including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, esters, and carboxylic acids (Dudareva et al, 2004;Niinemets et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Indole and Other Shikimic Acid Derived Maize Volatiles in the Attraction of Two Parasitic Wasps

et al. 2006

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After herbivore attack, plants release a plethora of different volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which results in odor blends that are attractive to predators and parasitoids of these herbivores. VOCs in the odor blends emitted by maize plants (Zea mays) infested by lepidopteran larvae are well characterized. They are derived from at least three different biochemical pathways, but the relative importance of each pathway for the production of VOCs that attract parasitic wasps is unknown. Here, we studied the importance of shikimic acid derived VOCs for the attraction of females of the parasitoids Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis rufiventris. By incubating caterpillar-infested maize plants in glyphosate, an inhibitor of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phospate (EPSP) synthase, we obtained induced odor blends with only minute amounts of shikimic acid derived VOCs. In olfactometer bioassays, the inhibited plants were as attractive to naive C. marginiventris females as control plants that released normal amounts of shikimic acid derived VOCs, whereas naive M. rufiventris females preferred inhibited plants to control plants. By adding back synthetic indole, the quantitatively most important shikimic acid derived VOC in induced maize odors, to inhibited plants, we showed that indole had no effect on the attraction of C. marginiventris and that M. rufiventris preferred blends without synthetic indole. Exposing C. marginiventris females either to odor blends of inhibited or control plants during oviposition experiences shifted their preference in subsequent olfactometer tests in favor of the experienced odor. Further learning experiments with synthetic indole showed that C. marginiventris can learn to respond to this compound, but that this does not affect its choices between natural induced blends with or without indole. We hypothesize that for naïve wasps the attractiveness of an herbivore-induced odor blend is reduced due to masking by nonattractive compounds, and that during oviposition experiences in the presence of complex odor blends, parasitoids strongly associate some compounds, whereas others are largely ignored.

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“…Various studies have shown that plants respond to herbivory with the production and emission of volatile substances that are attractive to parasitoids and predators (Vet & Dicke, 1992;Turlings & Benrey, 1998;Dicke & Vet, 1999;Turlings & Wa¨ckers, 2004). This important role of the plant in determining the success rate of host or prey location has been considered as one aspect that needs to be included in the assessment of possible changes in transgenic plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have been studying the caterpillar-induced odour emissions in maize and their role as hostfinding signals for parasitoids (Turlings et al, 1990(Turlings et al, , 1995Turlings & Wa¨ckers, 2004). The odour emissions are systemic and are triggered by elicitors in the oral secretions of the caterpillars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Induced-Odour Emission of a Bt Maize and its Attractiveness to Parasitic Wasps

et al. 2005

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The current discussion on the safety of transgenic crops includes their effects on beneficial insects, such as parasitoids and predators of pest insects. One important plant trait to consider in this context is the emission of volatiles in response to herbivory. Natural enemies use the odours that result from these emissions as cues to locate their herbivorous prey and any significant change in these plant-provided signals may disrupt their search efficiency. There is a need for practical and reliable methods to evaluate transgenic crops for this and other important plant traits. Moreover, it is imperative that such evaluations are done in the context of variability for these traits among conventional genotypes of a crop. For maize and the induction of volatile emissions by caterpillar feeding this variability is known and realistic comparisons can therefore be made. Here we used a six-arm olfactometer that permits the simultaneous collection of volatiles emitted by multiple plants and testing of their attractiveness to insects. With this apparatus we measured the induced odour emissions of Bt maize (Bt11, N4640Bt) and its near-isogenic line (N4640) and the attractiveness of these odours to Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis rufiventris, two important larval parasitoids of common lepidopteran pests. Both parasitoid species were strongly attracted to induced maize odour and neither wasp distinguished between the odours of the transgenic and the isogenic line. Also wasps that had previously experienced one of the odours during a successful oviposition divided their choices equally between the two odours. However, chemical analyses of collected odours revealed significant quantitative differences. The same 11 compounds dominated the blends of both genotypes, but the isogenic line released a larger amount of most of these. These differences may be due to altered resource allocation in the transgenic line, but it had no measurable effect on the wasps' behaviour. All compounds identified here had been previously reported for maize and the differential quantities in which they were released fall well within the range of variability observed for other maize genotypes.

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Recruitment of predators and parasitoids by herbivore-injured plants

Cited by 300 publications

References 291 publications

Population genetic structure of two primary parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera), Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera): to what extent is the host plant important?

Population genetic structure of two primary parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera), Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera): to what extent is the host plant important?

The Role of Indole and Other Shikimic Acid Derived Maize Volatiles in the Attraction of Two Parasitic Wasps

Evaluating the Induced-Odour Emission of a Bt Maize and its Attractiveness to Parasitic Wasps

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