Recycling metals from lithium ion battery by mechanical separation and vacuum metallurgy

Xiao, Jingran; Li, Jia; Xu, Zhengming

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.024

Cited by 295 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The ''in situ'' means that no other additives are needed in this process, and spent batteries can be directly transformed into useful goods via pyrolysis. [26][27][28] Spent battery systems whose cathode is LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 have been tested through in-situ recovery. 26,28 In the process of oxygen-free roasting, mixed electrode materials were transformed to Li 2 CO 3 , metal and metal oxide without any additives.…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries

Chen

et al. 2019

Joule

775

491

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a significant role in our highly electrified world and will continue to lead technology innovations. Millions of vehicles are equipped with or directly powered by LIBs, mitigating environmental pollution and reducing energy use. This rapidly increasing use of LIBs in vehicles will introduce a large quantity of spent LIBs within an 8-10-year span. Proper handling of endof-life (EOL) vehicle LIBs is required, and multiple options should be considered. This paper demonstrates that the necessity for EOL recycling is underpinned by leveraging fluctuating material costs, uneven distribution and production, and the transport situation. From a life-cycle perspective, remanufacturing and repurposing extend the life of LIBs, and industrial demonstrations indicate that this is feasible. Recycling is the ultimate option for handling EOL LIBs, and recent advancements both in research and industry regarding pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling are summarized. Currently, none of the current battery recycling technologies is ideal, and challenges must be overcome. This article is anticipated as a starting point for a more sophisticated study of recycling, and it suggests potential improvements in the process through mutual efforts from academia, industry, and governments.

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Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries

Chen

et al. 2019

Joule

775

491

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“…Many articles have focused on the stage of leaching with minerals acid [4,7,10,11], bioleaching [5], and organics acids [12][13][14][15]. Other proposed processes include precipitation [16,17], thermal treatment [18], reduction roasting [19], and mechanical separation [20].…”

Section: Anode Cathodementioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Mobile Phone Batteries Using Liquid–Liquid Extraction

et al. 2019

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The aim of this paper was to propose and test a continuous cobalt recovery process from waste mobile phone batteries. The procedure started with dismantling, crushing, and classifying the materials. A study on leaching with sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide was carried out with subsequent selective separation of cobalt by means of liquid–liquid extraction. The best extraction conditions were determined based on a sequence of experiments that consisted of selecting the best extractant for cobalt, then assessing the impact of extractant concentration, pH, and contact time on the extraction yield. With these conditions, an extraction isotherm was obtained and correlated with a mathematical model to define the number of extraction stages for a countercurrent process using the McCabe–Thiele method. Then, a similar study was done for stripping conditions and, as a last step, cobalt electroplating was performed. The proposed process offers a solution for the treatment of these batteries, avoiding potential problems of contamination and risk for living beings, as well as offering an opportunity to recover valuable metal.

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“…The demand for LIBs is presenting a rapid growth trend [3]; meanwhile, the growth rate is increasing gradually, which means that large amounts of spent LIBs need to be treated because of their limited lifetime [4]. Spent LIBs mainly comprise a metallic shell, membrane separator, cathode materials (LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiFePO 4 , as well as other lithium metal oxides), aluminum foil, anode materials (graphite), copper foil, and organic electrolytes [5]. The abundant components of spent LIBs indicate that the recycling of valuable metals from spent LIBs is a significant process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Anode and Cathode Materials Derived from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zhang

et al. 2019

Sustainability

101

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The recovery of cathode and anode materials plays an important role in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Organic binders reduce the liberation efficiency and flotation efficiency of electrode materials derived from spent LIBs. In this study, pyrolysis technology is used to improve the recovery of cathode and anode materials from spent LIBs by removing organic binders. Pyrolysis characteristics of organics in electrode materials are investigated, and on this basis, the effects of pyrolysis parameters on the liberation efficiency of electrode materials are studied. Afterwards, flotation technology is used to separate cathode material from anode material. The results indicate that the optimum liberation efficiency of electrode materials is obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, a pyrolysis time of 15 min and a pyrolysis heating rate of 10 °C/min. At this time, the liberation efficiency of cathode materials is 98.23% and the liberation efficiency of anode materials is 98.89%. Phase characteristics of electrode materials cannot be changed under these pyrolysis conditions. Ultrasonic cleaning was used to remove pyrolytic residues to further improve the flotation efficiency of electrode materials. The cathode material grade was up to 93.89% with a recovery of 96.88% in the flotation process.

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Recycling metals from lithium ion battery by mechanical separation and vacuum metallurgy

Cited by 295 publications

References 45 publications

Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries

Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries

Recovery of Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Mobile Phone Batteries Using Liquid–Liquid Extraction

A Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Anode and Cathode Materials Derived from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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