Reduction of soil layer losses when harvesting sugar beet in the conditions of the central black earth region

Abstract

When cultivating sugar beets, harvesting is one of the most labor-intensive operations. But in terms of quality and operational and technological performance, the machines used do not meet modern agrotechnical requirements, especially in conditions of high soil moisture (25 - 29%). With an increase in soil moisture, its adhesion to the working surfaces of the digging organs and the heap cleaner increases, reducing their separating ability. We propose to improve the cleaning technology by modernizing the design of the separating stars. This is achieved by using cylindrical brushes (in the amount of three pieces), which are mounted vertically to the horizontal plane of the star's rods. One end of the cylindrical brush is attached to one of the ends of the star bar, and the other end of the brushes is in the hollow bracket. All brushes are located at the same distance from each other along the periphery of the star. The second ends of the brushes, located in the hollow bracket, are fixed to each other and move freely in it. This improved design will allow the brushes to interact with the contaminated surface of the sprocket guard, improving their cleaning ability and eliminating cleaning breaks when working in harsh conditions.

Technology for obtaining soil ameliorant and evaluating the effectiveness of its application

“…In cold weather, peat is loaded onto a storage area heated by infrared radiators and, in a heated state, is overloaded by a pick-up loader into a receiving hopper (1). The dispenser delivers a dosed amount of peat (0.5 tons) to a peat separator (2), where mechanical impurities are separated, which are transferred by a conveyor (4) to a storage tank 3 and exported into the fields. The purified peat is fed into a mixing tank (4) filled with pre-prepared water from a container (filtered artesian or sugar factory drains.…”

“…The purified peat is fed into a mixing tank (4) filled with pre-prepared water from a container (filtered artesian or sugar factory drains. An aqueous solution of peat flows into an ultrasonic cavitator 5, and then into a hydrodynamic cavitator 6. in which the molecules of humic substances of peat are crushed by physical action on them with pulsating ultrahigh pressure [2,3].…”

“…The increase in the density (share) of sugar beet crops to 30% or more in recent years in specialized grain-beet crop rotations used in beet-growing agricultural firms and agroindustrial unions poses a real threat not only to intensive degradation of soil fertility, but also to the loss of its optimal mycocenosis with the displacement of beneficial microflora by the most active pathogens of the genus Fusarium -pathogens of rot as in during the vegetation of plants, and during the storage of sugar beet root crops [1][2][3][4]. The humus content is a decisive factor for the soil [3].…”

“…The humus content is a decisive factor for the soil [3]. However, this indicator unfortunately tends to decrease in all beet-growing regions of Russia [2]. If at the beginning of the XX century, before the rapid development of the food industry, for example in the Kuban chernozems, the humus content reached 10%, now it usually barely reaches 5-6%.…”

Results of laboratory and bench-scale studies of seed dispensers with an electric drive of working tools

“…In recent years, in the structure of the sown areas, the largest share is occupied by wheat (winter and spring), barley (winter and spring), and sunflower. The share of grain maize, soy, oats, rapeseed, peas, oilseed flax, sugar beet, and buckwheat is also quite high (Kuznetsov et al 2020;Brizhanskij et al 2020;Manaenkov et al 2020).…”