Reference electrodes

Electrocatalysts by Electrodeposition: Recent Advances, Synthesis Methods, and Applications in Energy Conversion

“…Overall, one of the most challenging issues is to find the most suitable RE, depending on the experimental conditions. According to Caton, [9] an "ideal RE" should possess the following properties: i) have a stable potential; ii) meet the demands of a charge transfer imposed by the measuring instrument without changing its potential (be nonpolarizable); iii) return to its fixed reference potential after accidental polarization; iv) obey the Nernst equation for some species in a solution; and v) if it is an electrode of the second kind, the solid compound must be only sparingly soluble in the electrolyte. Examples of electrodes that have these properties for use in aqueous solutions are the saturated calomel electrodes (SCE).…”

“…Examples of electrodes that have these properties for use in aqueous solutions are the saturated calomel electrodes (SCE). [9] The SCE seems to be the scientists' "favorite RE" because of its simplicity, quietness, and robustness. It works at moderate temperatures up to 90 °C, is filled with KCl, NaCl, and LiCl solutions, and equilibrates quickly when refilled.…”

Recent progress and prospect of electrodeposition-type catalysts in carbon dioxide reduction utilizations

“…Therefore, a reference electrode is needed to ensure the accuracy of the test. The ideal reference electrode has some characteristics: 21 (1) electrode reaction is reversible and conforms to the Nernst equation; (2) electric potential does not change with time; and (3) it is able to remain stable when a tiny current is passed, and is insensitive to temperature and other factors.…”

Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4): A possible candidate material as reference electrode for corrosion monitoring of steel in concrete environments

“…Apart from all the classical features that reference electrode should have, namely, to provide a constant potential that is stable with respect to the indicator electrode, that it should not be polarizable, it should return quickly to the correct imposed potential after an accidental polarization, its behaviour should follow the Nernst Law for the pertinent species depending on the sort of electrode, that the potential be independent of the solution's composition and that the solid compound of the electrode have small solubility in the electrolyte [4]. Presently, it is required also that these electrodes are amenable to miniaturization and that they may be readily adapted to varied configuration as demanded by the analytical system.…”