Regional Spatial Management Based on Supply–Demand Risk of Ecosystem Services—A Case Study of the Fenghe River Watershed

Abstract

The supply–demand risk assessment of ecosystem services (ES) can identify the supply–demand risk level, which is very important for the sustainable management of regional ES. In this study, taking the Fenghe River watershed (FRW) as a case, based on the status and the change trend of the supply–demand ratio of ES, and the ES supply change trend, the supply–demand risk level of food provision (FP), water yield (WY), soil retention (SR), and climate regulation (CR) are evaluated, and the risk management zones of the FRW are divided using spatial superposition. The results show that: (1) The supply and demand of SR are spatially matched, while the other three ES are spatially mismatched. (2) From 2000 to 2015, the supply amount of FP, WY, and SR increases by 11.59%, 1.25% and 55%, respectively, while the supply amount of CR decreases by 5.15%. At the same time, the demand amount of FP, WY, SR and CR increases by 39.97%, 53.88%, 36.3% and 215.5%, respectively. (3) The supply–demand ratio means of four ES in the FRW are all greater than 0, but there are some areas within that are less than 0. (4) In terms of sub-watershed scale, except for SR, there are critically endangered areas for the other three ES. Moreover, the FRW is divided into 11 supply–demand risk management zones, such as FS-WY-CR critically endangered zone, WY-CR critically endangered and FS vulnerable zone. The supply–demand risk management zones based on multiple ES can identify the risk level of each ES in each zone. These results and conclusions can provide the basis for rational allocation of resources and sustainable management of ES.

Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of the Supply and Demand Coupling Coordination of Elderly Care Service Resources in China

“…In addition, in the study of the matching of service supply and demand, the analysis of the spatial distribution of supply and demand is helpful to provide a reference for the rational planning of service resources [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Through spatial analysis, the correlation and difference of supply and demand related indicators in different regions can be obtained, and the reasons for these correlations and gaps can be further analyzed [ 27 ]. In spatial analysis, Moran’s I is often used to identify spatial agglomeration [ 28 ].…”

Linking Ecosystem Service Supply–Demand Risks and Regional Spatial Management in the Yihe River Basin, Central China

“…If all ES are evaluated, it will take much time and manpower. Moreover, the supplydemand ratio of some ecosystem services cannot be calculated because of the different measurement units of supply and demand assessment results, making it difficult to assess ecosystem service supply-demand risks [51]. The appropriate methods quantifying ecosystem service supply and demand still need to further explore.…”

“…The supply and demand status of ecosystem services can be identified by quantifying the degree of ecosystem service supply-demand risk and discussing the matching of supply and demand at different times and space scales. From the perspective of literature search [49][50][51], studies on the supply-demand risks of ecosystem services, which focus on theoretical discussions, are limited. In addition, most of the risk assessment studies on ecosystem services mainly use service supply as a measurement indicator [52].…”

Quantifying the Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Ecosystem Services and Exploring the Spatial Differentiation of Driving Factors: a Case Study of Sichuan Basin, China

“…It is generally accepted that ES can be influenced by both natural and human factors (Burkhard et al, 2012;Burkhard et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2020;Yang et al, 2021b). First, climate change can directly change the capacity to supply services such as food production, freshwater supply, and net primary productivity by changing ecosystem properties.…”