Regulated Emissions and Detailed Particle Characterisation for Diesel and RME Biodiesel Fuel Combustion with Varying EGR in a Heavy-Duty Engine

Abstract

This study investigates particulate matter (PM) and regulated emissions from renewable rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) biodiesel in pure and blended forms and contrasts that to conventional diesel fuel. Environmental and health concerns are the major motivation for combustion engines research, especially finding sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and reducing diesel PM emissions. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), including RME, are renewable fuels commonly used from low level blends with diesel to full substitution. They strongly reduce the net carbon dioxide emissions. It is largely unknown how the emissions and characteristics of PM get altered by the combined effect of adding biodiesel to diesel and implementing modern engine concepts that reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Therefore, the exhaust from a single-cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine fuelled with petroleum-based MK1 diesel, RME, and a 20% RME blend (B20), was sampled while the inlet oxygen concentration was stepped from ambient to very low by varying EGR. Regulated gaseous emissions, mass of total black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA), particle size distributions and the soot nanostructure by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were studied. For all EGR levels, RME showed reduced BC emissions (factor 2 for low and 3-4 for higher EGR) and total particulate number count (TPNC) compared with diesel and B20. B20 was closer to diesel than RME in emission levels. RME opens a significant possibility to utilise higher levels of EGR and stay in the region of low NOx, while not producing more soot than with diesel and B20. Adding EGR to 15% inlet O2 did not affect the nanostructure of PM. A difference between the fuels was noticeable: branched agglomerates of diesel and RME were composed of many primary particles, whereas those of B20 were more often "melted" together (necking).

An Experimental Investigation of Directly Injected E85 Fuel in a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine

“…A previous study (see [46]) with the same experimental setup and operation conditions similar to OP11, showed 25% lower IS THC emissions with diesel fuel compared to E85 in this study. Since the injectors used here were not targeted for E85 fuel, this would be a possible degree of freedom for lowering THC emissions.…”

“…Earlier combustion in combination with the Prail increase gives higher increase in NOx emissions than later combustion when Prail increases. Due to the PPC-type combustion of E85, where most of the combustion takes place in the premixed mode, NOx emissions are significantly lower relative to CDC observed in [46]. Still, the NOx levels are higher than the EURO VI standard, and a reduction would be possible by utilizing EGR [27].…”

Effect of Renewable Fuels and Intake O2 Concentration on Diesel Engine Emission Characteristics and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation

“…NO x emissions decrease with increasing EGR (decreasing O 2 concentration) while HC, CO and soot emissions increase [32,33]. However, to our knowledge, only a few studies exist on the effects that EGR has on particle composition and characteristics [34][35][36][37][38]. The chemical composition, such as PAH and metal emissions, and the physical properties of particle emissions induced by varying the EGR and thus combustion conditions is of particular interest for understanding the drivers of diesel PM toxicity.…”

Morphological characterization of soot from a compression ignition engine fueled with diesel and an oxygenated fuel

“…7 However, not only the fuel's chemical composition but also the engine operating conditions, especially exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), influences the particle mass and number emission. [8][9][10] As a consequence, soot morphology also is influenced when using renewable fuels.…”