Reinforcement and nonreinforcement in Rogerian psychotherapy.

Abstract

Excerpts from tape recordings of a single, long-term, successful therapy case handled by Rogers were analyzed to evaluate the adequacy of the clientcentered view that empathy, warmth, and directiveness are offered throughout therapy in a manner not contingent upon the patient's behavior. Findings indicate that the therapists respond in a significantly differential way to 5 of the 9 patient behavior classes studied. Concomitantly, significant increases in the emission rates of 4 of the 5 behavior classes were noted throughout therapy. Findings thus indicated significant reinforcement effects in the clientcentered therapy. 1 Appreciation is gratefully extended to Carl R. Rogers for his freely given consent to the use of the completed successful counseling case recorded at the University of Chicago Counseling Center in 19S5. This particular case is perhaps of special significance since it was heavily used by Rogers and others in the development of the "process conception of psychotherapy" and the "Process Scale" developed in 1957. Thanks are also due to James C. Baxter and Leon D. Silber for their critical comments.

Descriptive Study of the Socratic Method: Evidence for Verbal Shaping

“…We are only aware of two prior studies with similar methodologies: one being that of Truax (1966) and the other being the more recent studies of Functional Analytic…”

“…Additionally, these processes have been analyzed and shown to be operating within other therapeutic approaches such as Rogerian therapy (Truax, 1966). Thus, there are reasons to believe that such a process would also occur within naturalistic cognitive therapy.…”

A utilização da terminologia sobre os fatores comuns na análise comportamental clínica

“…Aparentemente, esta tendência de explorar os fatores terapêuticos comuns entre as diferentes orientações teóricas estendeu-se também ao campo das terapias comportamentais quando Truax (1966) analisou trechos de gravações de um tratamento bem sucedido conduzido por C. Rogers. O estudo de Truax (1966) visou identificar as condições facilitadoras, por parte do terapeuta, que influenciariam o comportamento do cliente, no setting terapêutico.…”

“…O estudo de Truax (1966) visou identificar as condições facilitadoras, por parte do terapeuta, que influenciariam o comportamento do cliente, no setting terapêutico. E, ao contrário do que Rogers (1957) defendia em seus debates com Skinner, Truax (1966) sugeriu que as condições consistiriam em eventos reforçadores contingentes a verbalizações do cliente descritivas de seus comportamentos considerados "saudáveis", "adaptativos" ou "normais".…”

The Experimental Analysis of Verbal Behavior

“…If that were not so, the shaping of verbal behavior would probably be as problematic as the shaping of nonverbal human behavior when the latter is verbally governed and therefore relatively insensitive to nonverbal contingencies. The shaping of verbal behavior is well established in our experimental literature (e.g., Catania, Matthews, & Shimoff, 1982;Greenspoon, 1955;Truax, 1966), but we have only scratched the surface of its possible applications. For example, are some behavior pathologies, such as compulsions, problems of verbal governance (cf.…”