Excerpts from tape recordings of a single, long-term, successful therapy case handled by Rogers were analyzed to evaluate the adequacy of the clientcentered view that empathy, warmth, and directiveness are offered throughout therapy in a manner not contingent upon the patient's behavior. Findings indicate that the therapists respond in a significantly differential way to 5 of the 9 patient behavior classes studied. Concomitantly, significant increases in the emission rates of 4 of the 5 behavior classes were noted throughout therapy. Findings thus indicated significant reinforcement effects in the clientcentered therapy. 1 Appreciation is gratefully extended to Carl R. Rogers for his freely given consent to the use of the completed successful counseling case recorded at the University of Chicago Counseling Center in 19S5. This particular case is perhaps of special significance since it was heavily used by Rogers and others in the development of the "process conception of psychotherapy" and the "Process Scale" developed in 1957. Thanks are also due to James C. Baxter and Leon D. Silber for their critical comments.

A review of some findings from a 5-year research program studying the effects of the therapists' levels of (a) accurate empathic understanding of the patient, (b) unconditional positive warmth for the patient, and (c) therapist self-congruence or genuineness. Comparisons of levels of therapistconditions offered during therapy with measures of constructive personality change in the patient, using a matched control group suggests that: (a) high levels of therapist-offered conditions during therapy are related to patient improvement, but that (b) low levels of therapist-offered conditions are related to patient deterioration, so that (c) if all therapy combined is indiscriminately compared to control conditions there is little average change. Thus psychotherapy can be for better or for worse. . . .

An approach to training in counseling and psychotherapy integrating the didactic-intellectual approach which emphasizes the shaping of therapist behavior with the experiential approach which focuses upon therapist development and growth was successfully implemented with both a group of graduate students in clinical psychology and a group of lay hospital personnel, including 3 attendants, a volunteer worker, and an industrial therapist. The program relied heavily upon scales which in previous and extensive research had been predictive of positive patient outcome in estimating levels of therapist empathy, positive regard, and congruence and patient depth of self-exploration. It was found that the trainees could be brought to function at levels of effective therapy quite commensurate to those of more experienced therapists in less than 100 hours of training.

An attempt to describe a view of supervision which integrates the didactic and experiential forms of supervision. Training in counseling and psychotherapy is viewed as a therapeutic process: a learning process which takes place in a particular land of relationship leading to self-exploration. The view is implemented in a therapist training program which is currently in progress and which relies heavily upon the use of tape recorded psychotherapy and measurement scales growing out of research designed to quantify essential aspects of the therapeutic relationship in the context of a meaningful relationship.Supervision or training programs in the fields of counseling and psychotherapy have been formulated traditionally in terms of a didactic-intellectual approach which emphasizes the shaping of therapist behavior or the experiential-accepting approach which focuses upon therapist growth and development. The present paper is an attempt to describe a view of supervision or training which would integrate the ex-

A study aimed at cross-validating previous research suggesting that the levels of the therapist's accurate empathy, nonpossessive warmth, and genuineness were causally related to the degree of patient improvement or deterioration. An equal number of "good" or "poor" therapy prospects were randomly assigned to 4 resident psychiatrists (10 patients each) for 4 mo. of psychotherapy. Results tended to confirm the importance of the 3 therapeutic conditions in combination and of empathy and genuineness separately. Negative findings for separate analysis of therapist's warmth were interpreted in terms of its negative correlation with empathy and genuineness in the present sample. On the overall measure for all patients, therapists providing high therapeutic conditions had 90% patient improvement while those providing lower conditions had 50% improvement.Previous research, built upon the Whitehorn and Betz (1954) and Betz (1963aBetz ( , 1963b studies, indicated a positive relationship between levels of therapist-offered accurate empathy, nonpossessive warmth, and genuineness on the one hand and the degree of patient improvement or deterioration on the other. These findings have been obtained in patient populations as diverse as hospitalized schizophrenics, college underachievers, juvenile delinquents, and counseling center cases, and in both individual and group psychotherapy. In a number of these studies, the data also suggest that when these same therapist factors are present to a low degree, then there is concomitant negative change or deterioration in personality functioning for the patient (reviewed by Truax & Carkhuff, 1964, and Truax & Wargo, in press).These studies involved mainly psycholo-