Relation between early introduction of solid food to infants and their weight and illnesses during the first two years of life.

Forsyth, J. S.; Ogston, Simon; Clark, Ann L.; Florey, Charles du V.; Howie, P. W.

doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6892.1572

Cited by 133 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…34 Other reasons might include a possible risk for excessive weight gain, increased risk for infections, vulnerability of the gut to infection, eczema, increase in allergic diseases, respiratory diseases, asthma and a reduced volume of breast milk that can be consumed by the infant. [35][36][37] …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing high socio-economic class mothers’ decision regarding formula-feeding practices in the Cape Metropole

Sowden

Marais

Beukes

2009

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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* Regarding the level of education, Grade 12 is equivalent to 12 years of schooling;Grade 7 is equivalent to 7 years of schooling.The main aim of the study was therefore to identify the factors that influence high socio-economic class mothers' decisions regarding infant-feeding practices. The objectives were to identify the reasons why high socio-economic class women in the Cape Metropole decide not to breast-feed; to evaluate whether the type and volume of infant AbstractThe aims of the study were to identify the reasons why high socio-economic class women in the Cape Metropole decide not to breast-feed; to evaluate whether the type and volume of infant formula selected by the mother was appropriate for her infant's current age and to identify the factors that influence the decision-making process when deciding which infant formula to feed her infant.An observational descriptive study with consecutive sampling was utilised. Data of 55 mothers with infants aged 0 to 6 months that were not currently breast-fed was captured in day care centres and private clinics situated in the Cape Metropole. Data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire available in Afrikaans and English.The majority of mothers (80%) decided only after the birth of their infant to rather opt for formula feeding. Evident factors that were identified as barriers to breast-feeding include a lack of knowledge and experience (38%) as well as a lack of facilities at public places (75%) and at work (71%) to breast-feed. Perceived benefits of infant formula included that the father could help with the workload (67%) and does not feel left out (38%), the mother knows what volume of milk is received (84%) and the convenience if the mother is working (64%). The mothers were overall not concerned about possible side-effects of breast-feeding and did not feel that their breasts were physically not of optimal physiology to breast-feed.One of the greatest challenges to support, protect and promote breast-feeding is to ensure that information sources give scientifically correct information to the uninformed or information-seeking mother in a standardised and positive manner.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing high socio-economic class mothers’ decision regarding formula-feeding practices in the Cape Metropole

Sowden

Marais

Beukes

2009

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…Introducing complementary foods to infants JA Lanigan et al these ®ndings, investigators in Scotland reported that in more af¯uent societies heavier infants appeared to commence complementary feeding earlier but, again, reverse causality could not be ruled out (Forsyth et al, 1993;Savage et al, 1994). In the USA the DARLING study reported that several developmental milestones occurred earlier in infants introduced to solids prior to 6 months of age but concluded that this effect was probably due to reverse causality.…”

Section: Establishing Causalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review concerning the age of introduction of complementary foods to the healthy full-term infant

et al. 2001

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“…An inverse dose-dependent association has been shown, suggesting that longer duration of breastfeeding is associated with a lower body mass index (Arenz et al, 2004;Harder et al, 2005). Some studies have also suggested that early weaning may increase body mass index in childhood, but results are inconsistent (Forsyth et al, 1993;Wilson et al, 1998;Morgan et al, 2004;Wright et al, 2004). Body mass index provides only information about body weight, whereas it does not distinguish between fat and lean mass (Nevill et al, 2006;Wells and Fewtrell, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Infant diet and subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood: The Generation R Study

Durmuş

Duijts

et al. 2011

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background/Objectives: Breastfeeding has a protective effect on childhood obesity, but the influences on body composition in early childhood are not known. The objective of this study is to assess whether the duration and exclusiveness of breastfeeding, and the timing of introduction of solid foods are associated with the subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood. Subjects/Methods: This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study among 779 children. Peripheral (biceps, triceps) and central (suprailiacal and subscapular) subcutaneous fat mass was measured as skinfold thickness at the ages of 1.5, 6 and 24 months. Results: Breastfeeding duration was not associated with subcutaneous fat mass at the age of 1.5 months. Shorter breastfeeding was associated with higher peripheral and total subcutaneous fat mass at the age of 6 months (P-value for trend o0.05), but not at the age of 24 months. As compared to children who were exclusively breast fed for 4 months, those who were non-exclusively breast fed had a higher central fat mass at the age of 24 months (P-value for trend o0.01). Timing of introduction of solid foods was not associated with subcutaneous fat mass. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a shorter duration and non-exclusive breastfeeding affect early body composition during the first 2 years of life. Follow-up studies at older ages are needed to explore the long-term consequences.

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Relation between early introduction of solid food to infants and their weight and illnesses during the first two years of life.

Cited by 133 publications

References 26 publications

Factors influencing high socio-economic class mothers’ decision regarding formula-feeding practices in the Cape Metropole

Factors influencing high socio-economic class mothers’ decision regarding formula-feeding practices in the Cape Metropole

Systematic review concerning the age of introduction of complementary foods to the healthy full-term infant

Infant diet and subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood: The Generation R Study

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