Relation of Urinary Sodium Excretion to Blood Pressure, Glucose Metabolism, and Lipid Metabolism in Residents of an Area of Japan with High Sodium Intake.

Abstract

To evaluate the effects of prolonged intake of a high-sodium diet on glucose and lipid metabolism, we examined the relation of daily urinary sodium excretion to blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism in 140 Japanese adults who lived in a region where the average daily consumption of sodium was high and stable during the past 15 yr; no subject had received any treatment for hypertension or metabolic disorders. Each subject was admitted to our health examination center for 2 d for measurement of blood pressure, sampling of blood, and glucose tolerance testing. A 24-h urine specimen was collected by each subject after discharge. Multiple regression analysis revealed that urinary sodium excretion was significantly independent of the mean blood pressure and was unrelated to the area under the serum glucose curve after glucose administration. The urinary sodium level was also unrelated to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The prevalence of hypertension in the group with a daily sodium excretion below 140 mEq (low sodium group) was 0%, while that in the group with a daily sodium excretion above 280 mEq (high sodium group) was 44%; this difference was significant (p < 0.01). No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of metabolic disorders between the two groups. Our results suggest that sodium intake has little influence on glucose and lipid metabolism but has a significant influence on blood pressure in normotensive and untreated hypertensive subjects who reside in an area with a relatively high sodium intake.

The Relationship Between Cognitive Function, Depressive Behaviour and Sleep Quality with 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion in Patients with Essential Hypertension

“…Another important finding was the independent association between male gender and increased 24-h sodium excretion. This finding is also not novel and in various studies daily sodium excretion was found to be higher in men then in women [3,[21][22][23][24].…”

The influence of posture on the estimation of daily salt intake by the second morning urine method

“…The INTERSALT study 4 estimated salt intake by 24-h urine collection at 52 centers in 32 countries and showed that the mean daily salt intake was 9.2 g whereas the average value obtained from three Japanese centers was 11.0 g, suggesting that the Japanese have a higher than average salt intake. Residents of Morioka in the Tohoku District of Japan have an even higher salt intake with a mean daily salt intake of approximately 13 g. [5][6][7] This markedly exceeds the daily intake recommended by the Japanese guideline (o6 g), 3 and salt restriction is especially important in areas with high salt intake, such as Morioka. Although the estimation of daily salt intake is important to provide appropriate advice about salt restriction, estimation by interview, the diary method, or 24-h urine collection is inconvenient for general use.…”

Stages of Change for Salt Intake and Urinary Salt Excretion: Baseline Results from the High-Risk and Population Strategy for Occupational Health Promotion (HIPOP-OHP) Study

“…So it is important to clarify the relation between dietary behaviors and blood pressure in the Japanese population. Although studies in various fields have used urinary salt excretion to estimate the dietary salt intake in Japan (17,18), the relationship between urinary salt excretion, which is nearly equal to the dietary salt intake, and the stage of change to a decreased salt intake in the Japanese diet has not yet been studied.…”