Relationship Among the Raoult Law, Zdanovskii−Stokes−Robinson Rule, and Two Extended Zdanovskii−Stokes−Robinson Rules of Wang

Wang, Zhi‐Chang

doi:10.1021/je800492w

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…It was based originally on experimental observations on aqueous solutions, for which it has been claimed to hold for numerous strong electrolyte mixtures . Similar behavior has also been found in aqueous mixtures of nonelectrolytes, nonaqueous electrolyte solutions, and molten salt mixtures. , In the latter cases, where the solvent is not water, the equivalent but more general thermodynamic property, solvent fugacity , is conserved …”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 81%

“…However, an important exception is the “iso-activity” rule, discovered independently by Zdanovskii and Stokes and Robinson . It is known in the literature as Zdanovskii’s rule, the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson rule, or the iso-active/isopiestic rule. , The term Zdanovskii ’ s rule has precedence and is used throughout this work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although numerous claims have been made regarding the validity of Zdanovskii’s rule, − ,− no systematic study appears ever to have been performed. This work describes such an investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Investigation of Zdanovskii’s Rule for Predicting the Water Activity of Multicomponent Aqueous Strong Electrolyte Solutions

Rowland¹,

May

2012

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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The effectiveness of Zdanovskii's rule as a fundamental method of predicting water activities in mixed aqueous strong electrolyte solutions has been investigated. Unfortunately, when literature data available for more than 100 ternary systems (i.e., two electrolytes plus water) were examined, sufficient measurements were rarely available to test Zdanovskii's rule conclusively. This is because few mixed systems have been studied by more than one (independent) investigator and, in these few cases, the differences between reported water activities are generally much larger than typical estimates of experimental uncertainty. Most of the electrolyte systems considered in this work are found statistically to conform with Zdanovskii's rule but often only within a worryingly large tolerance in residuals. However, when data are taken from a single source, deviations from Zdanovskii's rule, significant in comparison to the stated experimental precision, can often be attributed equally well to small, unrecognized, systematic errors. This dilemma can only be resolved by more experimental measurements of sufficient accuracy to achieve better agreement between independent observers. Our findings imply that (a) confidence in deviations from Zdanovskii's rule typically depends on a subjective judgment of data quality and (b) Zdanovskii's rule, albeit often difficult to validate, provides an impressively general method for estimating water activities in mixed aqueous strong electrolyte solutions, with a certainty that, objectively, is as good as or better than current experimental capability.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Investigation of Zdanovskii’s Rule for Predicting the Water Activity of Multicomponent Aqueous Strong Electrolyte Solutions

Rowland¹,

May

2012

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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“…The magnitude of deviation from ideal state is salting-out or salting-in effect. To quantify this effect the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson equation was used: − where m 1 , m 2 , m 1 0 , and m 2 0 are the molality of the solute (sucrose) and solvent (DES) in the ternary solution, molality of the sucrose, and DES in the binary solution with equal a w , respectively. On the basis of Zdanovskii’s rule, the activity of water in a specified concentration of solute (sucrose or DES) in binary systems should be equal to the activity of water at the same concentration of solute in the ternary solutions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Activity in Aqueous Solution of Sucrose in the Presence of Some Deep Eutectic Solvents

2021

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In this work, the effect of some deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride on water activity (a w ) in aqueous solutions of sucrose was investigated. Activity of water (a w ) and vapor pressure data are obtained precisely using an improved isopiestic technique and correlated with Wilson, e-NRTL, UNIQUAC, and simple polynomial empirical models. The e-NRTL model was successfully employed to calculate the activity coefficient and Gibbs free energies of transfer of sucrose from water to aqueous DES solutions. The results show that the strong interactions between sucrose and the DES are favorable. Also, the Hansen solubility parameters were calculated to predict an appropriate solvent system. The Gibbs free energy results indicate that the salting-in effect is greater in the presence of glycerol-based DES.

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“…Moreover, this method has been verified and improved since its creation to extend its use to more complex mixtures. − …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of the Simple Solution Concept for the Aqueous Quaternary System U(IV) Nitrate–U(VI) Nitrate–Nitric Acid–Water

et al. 2020

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This work focuses on the validity of the simple solution concept of the uranium(IV) nitrate and uranium(VI) nitrate aqueous mixtures through different means such as water activity or density measurements using a simple solution approach. Since these two elements are mixed together in the plutonium uranium redox extraction (PUREX) process during the partitioning step, which separates uranium from plutonium, the knowledge of behavior of this mixture will help in the modeling of this process. This will allow a more precise code to be developed and thus better modeling of the different components involved in the PUREX process. Lately, thermodynamic codes are developed taking into account deviation from ideality. These deviations from ideality are estimated thanks to a solution theory. The one that will be used in this paper is the simple solution approach, a simplification of the McKay and Perring equation. The simple behavior of the uranium(IV) and uranium(VI) mixture will be checked using different methods. The precision of each method will then be discussed. This will be made through the acquisition of water activity, density, and molality of different solutions of uranium(IV) nitrate and uranium(VI) nitrate.

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Relationship Among the Raoult Law, Zdanovskii−Stokes−Robinson Rule, and Two Extended Zdanovskii−Stokes−Robinson Rules of Wang

Cited by 14 publications

References 31 publications

An Investigation of Zdanovskii’s Rule for Predicting the Water Activity of Multicomponent Aqueous Strong Electrolyte Solutions

An Investigation of Zdanovskii’s Rule for Predicting the Water Activity of Multicomponent Aqueous Strong Electrolyte Solutions

Water Activity in Aqueous Solution of Sucrose in the Presence of Some Deep Eutectic Solvents

Validity of the Simple Solution Concept for the Aqueous Quaternary System U(IV) Nitrate–U(VI) Nitrate–Nitric Acid–Water

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