“…According to the supporting capacity of the general bearing ground [19], the low, medium and high axial force levels selected in testing the three specimens were 0, 0.2 and 0.4 axial force ratio, i.e., P/Afcd, respectively, where P is the applied axial compressive force, A is the pile cross-section area, and fcd is the concrete design compressive strength with a value of 39.9 MPa herein. The corresponding axial loads for the specimens are 0, 1003 kN and 2006 kN, respectively.…”