Relationship between microstructure of the skin surface and surface reflection based on geometric optics

Yoshida, Kenichiro; Miyaki, Masahiro; Ojima, Nobutoshi; Iwata, Kayoko

doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.03.011

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The effects of surface topology on skin appearance are of considerable interest to the cosmetic 23 and computed animation 24,25 industries, as well as medicine. 26,27 These investigations are primarily concerned with differences in appearance as a result of varying viewpoints or angles of illumination.…”

Section: At the Skin Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating light transport through skin for color prediction of port wine stain lesions: a review

2012

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Abstract. A survey of the literature is presented regarding the simulation of port wine stain (PWS) skin color. Knowledge of PWS features, such as the depths and diameters of affected vessels, is essential for informing laser treatment. These may be determined through the inverse application of a skin model. The techniques which have been applied to achieve this are analyzed in detail. Radiative transfer (RT) is found to be the preferred method of simulation. By far the most common approximations to RT are the diffusion approximations, which have been applied successfully in the past and Monte Carlo techniques, which are now the methods of choice. As the requirements for improvement of laser treatment on an individual basis continues, the needs for further work towards accurate estimations of individual optical coefficients and robust, flexible simulation techniques are identified.

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Section: At the Skin Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating light transport through skin for color prediction of port wine stain lesions: a review

2012

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“…27 Since the light is generally delivered as a surface spot shone onto the skin, the number of photons that actually penetrate into the tissue to arrive at the pathological lesion is highly variable. 28 The first issue to be addressed is light reflection from the surface of the skin, 29 which can be minimized if the optical probe is held in firm contact with the skin. 30 The second issue is scattering of light within tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of light parameters and photobiomodulation efficacy: dive into complexity

2018

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Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, previously known as low-level laser therapy, was discovered more than 50 years ago, yet there is still no agreement on the parameters and protocols for its clinical application. Some groups have recommended the use of a power density less than 100 mW∕cm 2 and an energy density of 4 to 10 J∕cm 2 at the level of the target tissue. Others recommend as much as 50 J∕cm 2 at the tissue surface. The wide range of parameters that can be applied (wavelength, energy, fluence, power, irradiance, pulse mode, treatment duration, and repetition) in some cases has led to contradictory results. In our review, we attempt to evaluate the range of effective and ineffective parameters in PBM. Studies in vitro with cultured cells or in vivo with different tissues were divided into those with higher numbers of mitochondria (muscle, brain, heart, nerve) or lower numbers of mitochondria (skin, tendon, cartilage). Graphs were plotted of energy density against power density. Although the results showed a high degree of variability, cells/tissues with high numbers of mitochondria tended to respond to lower doses of light than those with lower number of mitochondria. Ineffective studies in cells with high mitochondrial activity appeared to be more often due to over-dosing than to under-dosing.

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“…When the incidence of radiation on skin is calculated by Fresnel's law (the refractive index of skin is 1.5 and the incident angle of radiation is 30°), the reflected energy of the skin's surface is approximately 4% of the incident energy; the remaining 96% is transmitted by the skin and either scattered or absorbed by the subsurface medium. Thus, while the surface structure of skin is important to skin appearance [7,8], understanding the propagation of radiation in the subsurface skin, which holds the majority of the energy, is more important in evaluating appearance. However, few studies have investigated the connection between the radiation propagated in skin and the evaluation of skin appearance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Measurement Instrument for Optical Properties of Human Skin in Vivo

Kono

Yamada

2017

Jpn. J. Thermophys. Prop.

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In order to measure the optical properties of human skin in vivo, we developed a practical instrument that provides simple, prompt, and accurate measurements. The instrument utilized a reflection spatial profile measurement (RSPM), which estimated the optical properties by measuring radiation reflected from skin under stripe-patterned irradiation. RSPM can measure optical properties over a wide wavelength range, but it carries the risk of aberrations in the optical system that decrease measurement accuracy. Therefore, in this study, Zemax optical design software was used to evaluate the optical performance, and the percentage error caused by the optical performance was clarified by Monte Carlo simulations. Using the results, we developed a high-performance instrument with only −0.4% error in measurement accuracy. In addition, we demonstrated that the instrument enables us to measure differences in optical properties caused by changing the moisture content of skin.

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Relationship between microstructure of the skin surface and surface reflection based on geometric optics

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

Simulating light transport through skin for color prediction of port wine stain lesions: a review

Simulating light transport through skin for color prediction of port wine stain lesions: a review

Review of light parameters and photobiomodulation efficacy: dive into complexity

Development of Measurement Instrument for Optical Properties of Human Skin in Vivo

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