Relationship Between Physiological Loss, Performance Decrement, and Age in Master Athletes

Wiswell, R. A.; Hawkins, Steven A.; Jaque, S. Victoria; Hyslop, D. M.; Constantino, Nora; Tarpenning, Kyle M.; Marcell, Taylor J.; Schroeder, E. Todd

doi:10.1093/gerona/56.10.m618

Cited by 100 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…[40] Concerning lactate threshold, there is no reason to believe that values should be lower in females than in males because mitochondrial adaptations in the skeletal muscles of highly-trained male and female athletes appear to be similar. [41] Finally, the average oxygen cost to run a given speed, (i.e. running economy) by groups of elite male and female athletes is similar and appears to play the same role in determining success in endurance performance.…”

Section: Physiological and Morphological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Trends in Triathlon Performance: Effects of Sex and Age

2013

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The influences of sex and age upon endurance performance have previously been documented for both running and swimming. A number of recent studies have investigated how sex and age influence triathlon performance, a sport that combines three disciplines (swimming, cycling and running), with competitions commonly lasting between two (Short distance : 1.5 km swim, 40 km cycle and 10 km run) and eight hours (Ironman distance: 3.8 km swim, 180 km cycle and 42 km run) for elite triathletes. Age and sex influences upon performance have also been investigated for ultra-triathlons with distances corresponding to several Ironman distances and lasting several days, and for off-road triathlons combining swimming, mountain biking and trail running. Triathlon represents an intriguing alternative model for analyzing the effects of age and sex upon endurance and ultra-endurance (> 6 hours) performance because sex differences and age-related declines in performance can be analyzed in the same persons across the three separate disciplines. The relative participation of both females and masters athletes (age > 40 years old) in triathlon has increased consistently over the past 25 years. Sex differences in triathlon performance are also known to differ between the modes of locomotion adopted (swimming, cycling or running) for both elite and non-elite triathletes.Generally, time differences between sexes in swimming have been shown to be smaller on average than during cycling and running. Both physiological and morphological factors contribute to explaining these findings. Performance density (i.e. the time difference between the winner and 10 th placed competitor) has progressively improved (time differences have decreased) for international races over the past two decades for both males and females, with performance density now very similar for both sexes. For age-group triathletes, sex differences in total triathlon performance time increases with age. The possible difference in age-related changes in the physiological determinants of endurance and ultra-endurance performances between males and females needs further investigation however. Non-

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Section: Physiological and Morphological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Trends in Triathlon Performance: Effects of Sex and Age

2013

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“…According to the World Health Organization, the global population of elderly people aged >60 years was 600 million in 2000 and is expected to rise to around 2 billion by 20509; thus, increased demand for medical and social care will inevitably increase, rising the financial costs of healthcare systems 10. Physical activity can undoubtedly delay the progression of ageing muscle affects,11, 12 but even physically active older individuals experience age‐associated muscle atrophy and weakness 13. Age‐dependent myofibre atrophy is a life‐long process with a complex and multifactorial aetiology that involves both intrinsic and extrinsic factors7; despite the importance of this area, elucidation of the primary biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the prominent age‐associated decline in muscle mass and function has proven to be difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox homeostasis and age‐related deficits in neuromuscular integrity and function

Sakellariou

Lightfoot

Earl

et al. 2017

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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Skeletal muscle is a major site of metabolic activity and is the most abundant tissue in the human body. Age‐related muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) and weakness, characterized by progressive loss of lean muscle mass and function, is a major contributor to morbidity and has a profound effect on the quality of life of older people. With a continuously growing older population (estimated 2 billion of people aged >60 by 2050), demand for medical and social care due to functional deficits, associated with neuromuscular ageing, will inevitably increase. Despite the importance of this ‘epidemic’ problem, the primary biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying age‐related deficits in neuromuscular integrity and function have not been fully determined. Skeletal muscle generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) from a variety of subcellular sources, and age‐associated oxidative damage has been suggested to be a major factor contributing to the initiation and progression of muscle atrophy inherent with ageing. RONS can modulate a variety of intracellular signal transduction processes, and disruption of these events over time due to altered redox control has been proposed as an underlying mechanism of ageing. The role of oxidants in ageing has been extensively examined in different model organisms that have undergone genetic manipulations with inconsistent findings. Transgenic and knockout rodent studies have provided insight into the function of RONS regulatory systems in neuromuscular ageing. This review summarizes almost 30 years of research in the field of redox homeostasis and muscle ageing, providing a detailed discussion of the experimental approaches that have been undertaken in murine models to examine the role of redox regulation in age‐related muscle atrophy and weakness.

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“…The rate of decay of MAP and AnS with age might be indirectly evaluated by analyzing the maximal speeds 68 achieved by master athletes in different decades of age (Rittweger et al 2009;Wiswell et al 2001;Zamparo et al 69 2012). For instance, the decline of endurance performance with age has been primarily ascribed to the progressive 70 reduction of MAP and of the lactate threshold (Tanaka and Seals 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Maximal aerobic power and anaerobic capacity in cycling across the age spectrum in male master athletes

et al. 2016

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This file was downloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Capelli, C., Rittveger, J., Bruseghini, P., Calabria, E., Tam, E. (2016 3Methods. In various decades of age (30-80 yy), MAP and AnS were estimated by using an iterative procedure as the 4 values that minimise the difference between: i) the metabolic power (! (t)) necessary to cover a given distance (d) in 5 the time t and; ii) the maximal metabolic power (! max (t)) maintained at a constant level throughout the competition. 6Results MAP started decreasing at 45 years of age. Thereafter, it showed an average per-cent rate of decrease of about

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Relationship Between Physiological Loss, Performance Decrement, and Age in Master Athletes

Abstract: Although limited by the lack of a sedentary comparison group, these data suggest that age-related losses in VO2max may not be different from data previously reported for older sedentary adults and that loss in muscle strength and performance with aging is not linear.

Cited by 100 publications

References 17 publications

Trends in Triathlon Performance: Effects of Sex and Age

Trends in Triathlon Performance: Effects of Sex and Age

Redox homeostasis and age‐related deficits in neuromuscular integrity and function

Maximal aerobic power and anaerobic capacity in cycling across the age spectrum in male master athletes

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