Relationship between Serum Soluble Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 Level and Gastric Cancer Prognosis

Abstract

Background: Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a glycoprotein that mediates tissue-selective lymphocyte adhesion in a sialic acid-dependent manner. The prognostic importance of VAP-1 was determined in various human cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between VAP-1 and prognosis of gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: Serum of operable and metastatic gastric cancer patients was collected before treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy). VAP-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: A total of 86 gastric cancer patients (32 female, 54 male) were included in the study. Curative surgical treatment was performed in 54 (62.8%) patients. The mean serum VAP-1 level was 324.4 pg/ml and significantly higher in operable gastric cancer patients compared to metastatic gastric cancer patients (383.1 ± 173.5 vs. 225.2 ± 113.9 pg/ml; p < 0.001). When a cut-off value for VAP-1 of 218.8 pg/ml was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for presence of metastasis, sensitivity and specificity were 81.5 and 65.6%, respectively. Patients with decreased VAP-1 levels had a significantly poorer prognosis compared to patients with increased serum VAP-1 levels (median survival 8.2 vs. 23.5 months; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that VAP-1 is an independent prognostic factor of gastric cancer (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-4.9; p = 0.032). Conclusion: A low serum VAP-1 level may be an indicator of poor prognosis in gastric cancer. This study demonstrated that low serum VAP-1 levels are associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients.

Vascular adhesion protein‐1 as indicator of breast cancer tumor aggressiveness and invasiveness

“…For example, VAP-1 SSAO activity is now considered a potential target for anti-inflammatory therapy (13). Other studies have shown that serum VAP-1 is higher than normal in hepatocellular cancer (14) and has an inverse correlation with disease stage in gastric cancer (15). Our recent study also found VAP-1 could be a promising prognostic biomarker in astrocytoma (16).…”

Evaluation of Serum Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 as a Potential Biomarker in Thyroid Cancer

“…VAP-1 is one of the endothelial adhesion molecules which supports shear-dependent lymphocyte binding to high-endothelial venules in lymph nodes [ 14 , 28 ]. A number of studies have suggested a strong correlation between serum VAP-1 levels and cancer prognosis [ 18 , 19 , 21 ]. One recent study showed that the serum VAP-1 level was significantly lower in the colorectal cancer group compared with the control group.…”

“…Increased serum VAP-1 levels in chronic liver disease and multiple sclerosis compared to healthy individuals have been reported previously [ 16 , 17 ]. In addition, low serum VAP-1 is associated with disease relapse and worse prognosis in colon cancer and gastric cancer [ 18 – 21 ]. However, the diagnostic and prognostic values of serum VAP-1 for TC, particularly before surgery, have not yet been studied.…”

New Developments of Gastric Cancer Biomarker Research

“…These proteins are either general tumor markers or proteins that are associated with signaling related to carcinogenesis such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis or inflammation. These proteins include CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) ( [14], CA125 (Cancer Antigen 125) [14], CA19-9 (Cancer Antigen 19-9) [14,15], AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein) [16,17], Pyruvate M2 Kinase [15,18], serum amyloid A [19,20], macrophage migration inhibitory factor [21,22], Leptin [23], dickkopf [24,25], olfactomedin 4 [26], VAP-1 [27,28], UPA [29,30], Cathepsin B [30][31][32], HMW kininogen [33], P53 antibody [34,35], cytokeratin 18 [36][37][38], RegIV [39], IPO-38 [40], S100A6 [41], thrombin light chain [42], fibrinopeptide A [43,44], angiopoietin-like protein 2 [45][46][47]. CEA, CA125, CA19-9, AFP, M2 Pyruvate Kinase are common tumor markers also overexpressing in other type of cancers [48][49][50][51][52]…”