Relationship Maturity: A Conceptual and Empirical Approach

White, Kathleen M.; Speisman, Joseph C.; Costos, Daryl; Smith, Althea

doi:10.1159/000414253

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…This theory was supported in particular by the significant and positive relations between the achievement of interdependence as an adulthood indicator and all nine romantic relationship qualities. These significant relations also are consistent with a theory of relationship maturity (White et al 1986(White et al , 1987, which consists of three levels: self-focused, role-focused, and individuated-connected. This final level relates to the achieved criteria of interdependence as it involves the connection between people, and the social cognitive abilities (e.g., perspective-taking skills) that foster that connection.…”

Section: Achieved Adulthood Criteria and Relationship Qualitiessupporting

confidence: 87%

Friendship and Romantic Relationship Qualities in Emerging Adulthood: Differential Associations with Identity Development and Achieved Adulthood Criteria

et al. 2009

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This study examined how emerging adults' identity development and achievement of adulthood criteria were related to qualities of their friendships and romantic relationships. Participants included 710 emerging adults (ages 18-26). Results indicated that identity achievement was related positively to four romantic relationship qualities, but not to any friendship qualities. Several achieved adulthood criteria were related positively to romantic relationship qualities; however, achieved adulthood criteria were related negatively to friendship qualities. It appears that progress on salient developmental tasks of adulthood carries important implications for emerging adults' social relationships, but in ways that are more differentiated than commonly assumed.

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Section: Achieved Adulthood Criteria and Relationship Qualitiessupporting

confidence: 87%

Friendship and Romantic Relationship Qualities in Emerging Adulthood: Differential Associations with Identity Development and Achieved Adulthood Criteria

et al. 2009

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“…Future researchers could further explore at what stage the development of the social network, particularly in new environments, becomes stable and more consistent. In general, our findings indicate that there is a significant buffering effect of positive friendship quality in shared activities and role-focused interests, this is in line with previous findings (Bagwell et al, 2005;Berndt, 2004;Brendgen et al, 1998;Degirmencioglu et al, 1998;Rubin et al, 2004;Way & Greene, 2006;White et al, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Notably, only the intimate style is indicative of a normal and effective friendship. White, Speisman, Costos, and Smith (1987) developed a 3-level theory in friendships, involving self-focused, role-focused, and individuated-connected components. These authors stated that only upon reaching the highest level of relationship maturity can one go a step higher in one's life.…”

Section: Literature Review Development and Functions Of Friendship Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness and the Development of Social Relationships in Malaysian University Students

Hashim¹,

Khodarahimi²

2012

soc behav pers

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In this study we investigated loneliness and how social relationships develop in university students. Participants were 67 first-year students beginning their first semester in a university in northern Malaysia. We collected information regarding respondents' background, their descriptions of the social network at the university, and their level of loneliness. The study was conducted in 2 parts over a 10-week period; at 4 weeks after their registration and then at 14 weeks after their registration. Findings suggest development of friendship was still in progress and loneliness had increased at Time 2.

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“…Psychologists have found that friendships promote growth in social cognition and self-concept (Staub 1995), increase feelings of social belonging (Bishop and Inderbitzen 1995), increase self-esteem (Bishop 1995), promote a better understanding of other's needs, foster mutual trust (Neibrzydowski 1995), encourage greater consideration in regard to the society in which they live (Selman 1990, White et al 1987, and promote prosocial behavior (Hartup 1983). For people who like new experiences, friendships thus serve to expose a person to the socio-political world, perhaps activating a political ideology that psychologically satisfies an openness to change and new experience.…”

Section: Novelty-seeking Friends and Liberalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friendships Moderate an Association Between a Dopamine Gene Variant and Political Ideology

et al. 2008

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Scholars in many fields have long noted the importance of social context in the development of political ideology. Recent work suggests that political ideology also has a heritable component, but no specific gene variant or combination of variants associated with political ideology have so far been identified. Here, we hypothesize that individuals with a genetic predisposition toward seeking out new experiences will tend to be more liberal, but only if they are embedded in a social context that provides them with multiple points of view. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we test this hypothesis by investigating an association between self-reported political ideology and the 7R variant of the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4), which has previously been associated with novelty seeking. Among those with DRD4-7R, we find that the number of friendships a person has in adolescence is significantly associated with liberal political ideology. Among those without the gene variant, there is no association. This is the first study to elaborate a specific gene-environment interaction that contributes to ideological self-identification, and it highlights the importance of incorporating both nature and nurture into the study of political preferences.In his influential collection of essays, Ideology and Utopia, Karl Mannheim (1936) sought to explain the meaning and origin of political ideology. As a founder of the "sociology of knowledge" school of thought, he broadened a view, first championed by Marx, that individual political attitudes are derived from groups and their relationships to the whole of society. While Marx focused particularly on class relations, Mannheim observed that political ideology is the product of the total social context of each individual. To understand a person's political ideology, we need only examine his or her political environment.Mannheim's work would influence several generations of scholars (e.g., Huntington 1957;Bell 1959;Rapoport 1974;North 1978;Lipset 1983;Jackman and Muha 1984;Haas 1992). While many of these scholars disagreed with parts of Mannheim's argument, they all agreed with the premise: that the social and institutional environment is paramount for explaining a person's political attitudes and beliefs. When individuals say they are "liberal" or "conservative," they are referring to their ideas about the issues of the day that are specific to a place and a moment in history. Remove them to another context and their ideology will change.This literature contrasts with a growing body of work that suggests ideology is not purely a product of the social environment or historical moment. Increasingly, it is becoming Contact author James Fowler, jhfowler@ucsd.edu. Most recent version available at http://jhfowler.ucsd.edu. NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript J Polit. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 January 24. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript apparent that political ideology also has a "core" eleme...

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Relationship Maturity: A Conceptual and Empirical Approach

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Friendship and Romantic Relationship Qualities in Emerging Adulthood: Differential Associations with Identity Development and Achieved Adulthood Criteria

Friendship and Romantic Relationship Qualities in Emerging Adulthood: Differential Associations with Identity Development and Achieved Adulthood Criteria

Loneliness and the Development of Social Relationships in Malaysian University Students

Friendships Moderate an Association Between a Dopamine Gene Variant and Political Ideology

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