Relative contribution of low-density and asymptomatic infections to Plasmodium vivax transmission in the Amazon: pooled analysis of individual participant data from population-based cross-sectional surveys

Ferreira, Marcelo U.; Corder, Rodrigo M.; Johansen, Igor Cavallini; Kattenberg, Johanna Helena; Moreno, Marta; Rosas-Aguirre, Ángel; Ladeia‐Andrade, Simone; Conn, Jan E.; Llanos‐Cuentas, Alejandro; Gamboa, Dionicia; Rosanas-Urgell, Anna; Vinetz, Joseph M.

doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100169

Cited by 25 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This hypothesis is further substantiated by the fact that several studies noticed the high probability of transmission of P. vivax between hosts from submicroscopic individuals [ 43 – 45 ]. However, further study is needed to determine the relative contribution of Duffy antigen polymorphism in the transmissibility of P.vivax gametocytes to mosquitoes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Vivax malaria in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia: implication towards malaria control in Ethiopia

Abate

Bouyssou

Mabilotte

et al. 2022

Malar J

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Background The increase in detections of Plasmodium vivax infection in Duffy-negative individuals in Africa has challenged the dogma establishing the unique P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein-Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (PvDBP-DARC) pathway used by P. vivax merozoites to invade reticulocytes. Information on the impact of Duffy antigen polymorphisms on the epidemiology of P. vivax malaria remains elusive. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of asexual parasitaemia of P. vivax according to the Duffy antigen polymorphisms in Ethiopia. Methods DNA was extracted from dried blood spots (DBS) collected from prospectively recruited 138 P. vivax-infected patients from health centres. The identification and estimation of P. vivax asexual parasitaemia were performed by microscopic examination and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Duffy genotyping was conducted by DNA sequencing in a total of 138 P.vivax infected samples. Results The proportion of Duffy-negatives (FY*BES/FY*BES) in P. vivax infected patients was 2.9% (4/138). Duffy genotype FY*B/FY*BES (48.6%) was the most common, followed by FY*A/FY*BES genotype (25.4%). In one patient, the FY*02 W.01/FY*02 N.01 genotype conferring a weak expression of the Fyb antigen was observed. All P.vivax infected Duffy-negative patients showed low asexual parasitaemia (≤ 110 parasites/µL). The median P. vivax parasitaemia in Duffy-negative patients (53 parasites/µL) was significantly lower than those found in homozygous and heterozygous individuals (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Plasmodium vivax in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia. This finding suggests that the pathway used by P. vivax to invade Duffy-negative reticulocytes is much less efficient than that used in Duffy-positives. Moreover, the low asexual parasitaemia observed in Duffy-negative individuals could constitute an ‘undetected silent reservoir', thus likely delaying the elimination of vivax malaria in Ethiopia.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Vivax malaria in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia: implication towards malaria control in Ethiopia

Abate

Bouyssou

Mabilotte

et al. 2022

Malar J

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“…In P. vivax , sexual stages appear early on in the infection, even prior to clinical presentation, enabling effective transmission to mosquitoes at low-level parasitemia’s ( Bousema and Drakeley, 2011 ; Douglas et al., 2013 ; Sattabongkot et al., 2004 ). In addition, residual P. vivax can be challenging to eliminate due to many subpatent and asymptomatic infections, and a hidden reservoir of hypnozoites that is difficult to target and contributes to the parasite spread across regions and borders ( Moreira et al., 2015 ; Auburn et al., 2021 ; Angrisano and Robinson, 2022 ; Ferreira et al., 2022 ). In areas that are making good progress towards elimination, an increasing proportion of cases will be imported and clustered in remote and small geographical areas ( Cotter et al., 2013 ; Auburn et al., 2021 ; Angrisano and Robinson, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel highly-multiplexed AmpliSeq targeted assay for Plasmodium vivax genetic surveillance use cases at multiple geographical scales

Kattenberg

Nguyen

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Although the power of genetic surveillance tools has been acknowledged widely, there is an urgent need in malaria endemic countries for feasible and cost-effective tools to implement in national malaria control programs (NMCPs) that can generate evidence to guide malaria control and elimination strategies, especially in the case of Plasmodium vivax. Several genetic surveillance applications (‘use cases’) have been identified to align research, technology development, and public health efforts, requiring different types of molecular markers. Here we present a new highly-multiplexed deep sequencing assay (Pv AmpliSeq). The assay targets the 33-SNP vivaxGEN-geo panel for country-level classification, and a newly designed 42-SNP within-country barcode for analysis of parasite dynamics in Vietnam and 11 putative drug resistance genes in a highly multiplexed NGS protocol with easy workflow, applicable for many different genetic surveillance use cases. The Pv AmpliSeq assay was validated using: 1) isolates from travelers and migrants in Belgium, and 2) routine collections of the national malaria control program at sentinel sites in Vietnam. The assay targets 229 amplicons and achieved a high depth of coverage (mean 595.7 ± 481) and high accuracy (mean error-rate of 0.013 ± 0.007). P. vivax parasites could be characterized from dried blood spots with a minimum of 5 parasites/µL and 10% of minority-clones. The assay achieved good spatial specificity for between-country prediction of origin using the 33-SNP vivaxGEN-geo panel that targets rare alleles specific for certain countries and regions. A high resolution for within-country diversity in Vietnam was achieved using the designed 42-SNP within-country barcode that targets common alleles (median MAF 0.34, range 0.01-0.49. Many variants were detected in (putative) drug resistance genes, with different predominant haplotypes in the pvmdr1 and pvcrt genes in different provinces in Vietnam. The capacity of the assay for high resolution identity-by-descent (IBD) analysis was demonstrated and identified a high rate of shared ancestry within Gia Lai Province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, as well as between the coastal province of Binh Thuan and Lam Dong. Our approach performed well in geographically differentiating isolates at multiple spatial scales, detecting variants in putative resistance genes, and can be easily adjusted to suit the needs in other settings in a country or region. We prioritize making this tool available to researchers and NMCPs in endemic countries to increase ownership and ensure data usage for decision-making and malaria policy.

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“…However, the cyclical model can be used only if the vector population is large, engorged mosquitoes are easily found, and the population has a high infection rate [ 21 ]. These conditions are uncommon in the Americas [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evaluation and integration of new intervention strategies and existing methods, such as impregnated bed nets, vaccines, and transmission-blocking immunity in mosquitoes depend on accurate indicators of change in malaria incidence. Many times, clinical diagnosis is not sufficient to observe changes in malaria transmission, particularly when (a) malaria transmission is low, (b) Plasmodium vivax is the predominant parasite, and (c) a high percentage of asymptomatic malaria cases exists, as is the case in South America [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

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confidence: 99%

Vectorial capacities for malaria in eastern Amazonian Brazil depend on village, vector species, season, and parasite species

Zimmerman

Galardo

Lounibos

et al. 2022

Malar J

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Background The vector species in the Amazon River Basin are regionally and locally diverse, which makes it imperative to understand and compare their roles in malaria transmission to help select appropriate methods of intervention and evaluation. The major aim of this study was to measure the vectorial capacity of five Anopheles species in three neighbouring villages, for two Plasmodium parasite species affecting humans. Methods From 32 consecutive months of sampling in three villages, 1.5–7.0 km apart, on the Matapi River, Amapá State, Brazil, vectorial capacities (C) were estimated as time series for An. darlingi, An. marajoara, An. nuneztovari, An. triannulatus, and An. intermedius. Monthly parity measurements for each vector species were used to estimate daily survivorship and compared to estimates of survivorship from mark-release-recapture experiments. Gonotrophic cycle lengths were estimated through a time-series analysis of parity data, and durations of sporogony at study site temperatures for the two malaria parasite species were estimated from previous literature. Results The absolute abundances of five vector species were strongly tracked by the spatial variation in C among villages. Temporally, C varied between wet and dry seasons, with An. darlingi, An. marajoara and An. triannulatus exhibiting higher C in the dry season from August to December, and An. nuneztovari its highest C early in the rainy season in January and February. Anopheles intermedius exhibited higher C in the rainy season from April to June than in the dry season. Significant differences in overall survival for each independent variable, and a significant difference in C between wet and dry seasons, among villages, and among vector species for both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) analysis by village showed significant effects of vector species on C in only one village, but significant effects of parasite species in all three. Although the GLMM analysis detected no significant parasite x vector species interaction effects on C, effects on C of spline regressions of C dynamics x vector species interactions were significant in all villages. Conclusions These detailed analyses of entomological and parasitological variables revealed hidden complexities of malaria epidemiology at local scales in neighbouring riverine villages of the Amazon Region.

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Relative contribution of low-density and asymptomatic infections to Plasmodium vivax transmission in the Amazon: pooled analysis of individual participant data from population-based cross-sectional surveys

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Vivax malaria in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia: implication towards malaria control in Ethiopia

Vivax malaria in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia: implication towards malaria control in Ethiopia

Novel highly-multiplexed AmpliSeq targeted assay for Plasmodium vivax genetic surveillance use cases at multiple geographical scales

Vectorial capacities for malaria in eastern Amazonian Brazil depend on village, vector species, season, and parasite species

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