Relative Effects of the n-Butyl Esters of 2-Methyl 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid and of 2 : 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cereals

Templeman, Wilfred; Wright, J. O.

doi:10.1038/167071b0

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The findings of Templeman & Wright (1951) at Jealott's Hill did not reveal a difference between the effects of 2,4-D and MCPA in producing abnormalities, particularly malformed ears, nor was any difference apparent between the two chemicals regarding their effect on yield. It appeared that, with barley, the occurrence of abnormalities was connected with application of either 2,4-D or MCPA in the first three to four weeks after emergence.…”

Section: Barleymentioning

confidence: 69%

The relative toxicity of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid to wheat, oats and barley

Allen

1952

J Sci Food Agric

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The herbicides 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 2:4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid (2,4‐D) are compared, as regards their relative toxicity to the cereals wheat, oats and barley. Reference is made to the main factors governing toxicity, in particular nature of derivative, which affects not only toxicity of each chemical but the relative toxicity of one as compared with the other. The influence of concentration on toxicity is dealt with, it is shown that the so‐called concentration effect is bound up with derivative, crop and even variety of crop to a certain extent. Again, stage of development of crop at time of application of chemical appears to have a profound effect on the relative toxicity of the two growth substances. The cereals are dealt with in turn; and the general impression arising from evidence both from this country and abroad is that the wheat crop is fairly resistant to both MCPA and 2,4‐D, provided that dosage rate of chemical and stage of crop are correct for the circumstances prevailing. Oats is the most susceptible of the three cereal crops to a lowering of yield and grain quality as a result of hormone treatment; experimental results suggest that, with spring oats at least, 2,4‐D is more toxic than MCPA. Finally, barley seems more liable to abnormalities than either oats or wheat, and more abnormalities on this crop are caused by 2,4‐D than by MCPA. Though not necessarily related to loss of yield, abnormalities are definite manifestations of toxicity and on this basis 2,4‐D is the more toxic to barley of the two growth substances under discussion.

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Section: Barleymentioning

confidence: 69%

The relative toxicity of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid to wheat, oats and barley

Allen

1952

J Sci Food Agric

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“…At much higher rates, u p to 16 Ib./acre, the most susceptible periods were very early, and very late in crop development. I n a later publication, Templeman & Wright (1951) show that both early and late applications of the n-butyl esters of methoxone and 2 : 4 -~ caused significant decreases in yield in oats and barley. T h e 2 : 4 -~ ester caused a greater reduction than the ester of methoxone, and late application was more dangerous than early.…”

Section: The Effect Of ' Hormone ' Herbicides Upon Yield In Cerealsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Effects of ‘Hormone’ Herbicides Upon Cereal Crops

Scragg¹

1952

Annals of Applied Biology

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“…Exogenous applications of high concentrations of IAA result in growth abnormalities leading to phytotoxicity (1). On the basis of the chemical structure of IAA, several synthetic auxins or "auxinic" herbicides were developed (2,3). The auxinic herbicides induce symptoms typical of high IAA concentrations, a phenomenon referred to as "auxin overdose".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection, Characterization, and CDR Shuffling of Naive Llama Single-Domain Antibodies Selected against Auxin and Their Cross-Reactivity with Auxinic Herbicides from Four Chemical Families

Sheedy

Yau

Hirama

et al. 2006

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Indoleacetic acid (IAA)-binding single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) were isolated from a naive phage-display library constructed from the heavy chain antibody repertoire of a Ilama. The highest-affinity sdAb isolated (CSF2A) had a K(D) of 5-20 microM for two IAA-protein conjugates and a K(D) of 20 microM for free IAA. This sdAb also bound to a synthetic auxin analogue, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and to six auxinic herbicides (K(D) values of 0.5-2 mM), but not to serotonin and tryptophan, which are structurally similar to IAA but have no auxinic activity. To understand how sdAb CSF2A binds IAA and to determine which complementary-determining region(s) (CDR) participate(s) most in binding IAA, CSF2A was shuffled with four other sdAb clones by staggered extension process (StEP). After panning against IAA, two shuffled sdAbs were found: sdAb CSB1A, which originated from three different parental clones, and sdAb CSE8A, derived from two parental clones. These shuffled sdAbs and CSF2A were each fused to the B subunit of the Escherichia coli verotoxin, resulting in the formation of the pentamerized sdAbs V2NCSB1A, V2NCSE8A, and V2NCSF2A, which were analyzed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) along with the sdAbs previously isolated. The shuffled clones had affinity for IAA (20 microM) similar to that of the highest affinity parental clone CSF2A, but much lower affinity for the auxinic herbicides. CDR2 was instrumental in binding IAA, whereas hydrophobic CDR3 was important for binding the auxinic herbicides. A novel SPR methodology is also described for specific immobilization of pentamerized sdAbs, allowing determination of K(D) values of Ab interaction with underivatized, low molecular weight haptens.

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Relative Effects of the n-Butyl Esters of 2-Methyl 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid and of 2 : 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cereals

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The relative toxicity of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid to wheat, oats and barley

The relative toxicity of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid to wheat, oats and barley

The Effects of ‘Hormone’ Herbicides Upon Cereal Crops

Selection, Characterization, and CDR Shuffling of Naive Llama Single-Domain Antibodies Selected against Auxin and Their Cross-Reactivity with Auxinic Herbicides from Four Chemical Families

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