Reliability and Validity of the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale among Lithuanian Women

Abstract

The rates of incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Lithuania are increasing and, although a mammography screening program is present, attendance rate is rather low. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the revised Champion's Health Belief Model Scale in measuring Lithuanian women's beliefs about breast cancer and screening. The data were collected from 350 female citizens 40 to 69 years old living in the urban district, and having no history of breast cancer and no mammogram in the past. The Champion's Health Belief Model Scale was translated to Lithuanian, validated by professional judges, back-translated to English, and pretested. Analysis included descriptive statistics of demographic data, content and construct validity, using factorial analysis, internal consistency, reliability estimates, and using the Cronbach alpha technique. Factor analysis yielded 11 factors related to breast self-examination and 7 factors to mammography. All items on each factor were from the same construct. The motivation subscale split into the items related to general concern about health and preventive health practices. Alpha coefficients ranged from.61 to.92. Only the mammography barrier item "having a routine mammogram or x-ray of the breast would make me worry about breast cancer" loaded as a separate factor in factor analysis and showed low correlation with other subscale items. Participants in the mammography group showed lower perceived susceptibility in 3 items and perceived severity in 1 item. They reported having not enough privacy for breast self-examination, and were less confident in their skills to perform it. However, the women in the nonparticipating mammography group showed lower results in one benefit-mammogram item, and had more barriers for mammography in comparison with the participating group. We conclude that the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale is a reliable and valid tool for measuring the screening beliefs toward breast cancer among Lithuanian women. The model gave better results when the motivation items were subdivided into subscales related to general concern about health and related to preventive health practices and were considered separately. Mammography barrier item "having a routine mammogram or x-ray of the breast would make me worry about breast cancer" was deleted from the Lithuanian Champion's Health Belief Model Scale.

Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test: psychometric testing

“…Consistent with previous studies, the items of the Health Motivation Subscale loaded as separate factors of general concern about health (four items) and preventive health practices (three items) (Mikhail & Petro‐Nustas 2001, Lee et al. 2002, Secginli & Nahcivan 2004, Zelviene & Bogusevicius 2007). In this study, only the Health Motivation Subscale showed lower reliability.…”

“…In various studies, Champion’s Health Belief Model (CHBM) scales have been translated and found to be valid and reliable for use in other countries and cultures (Champion & Scott 1997, Mikhail & Petro‐Nustas 2001, Lee et al. 2002, Zelviene & Bogusevicius 2007). Validity and reliability studies have also been performed by several investigators with the purpose of evaluating the appropriateness to Turkish culture of the CHBM scales developed for breast cancer and related screenings and they were found to be applicable (Gözüm & Aydın 2004, Secginli & Nahcivan 2004, Karayurt & Dramalı 2007).…”

Validity and Reliability of Health Belief Model Questionnaire for Promoting Breast Self-examination and Screening Mammogram for Early Cancer Detection

“…The EFA indicated that the model explained 74.2% of the observed variances which is well above previous studies that assessed the validity using the model from CHBMS (Mikail and Petro-Nustas, 2001;Lee et al, 2002;Secginli and Nahcivan, 2004;Zelviene and Bogusevicius, 2007;Taymoori and Berry, 2009). However, the findings were not comparable to previous validation studies as mentioned above, as their method of estimation and rotation of the HBM scales were different from the current study.…”

Maltese Translation and Adaptation of Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale and the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire for Breast Screening Among Maltese Women

“…Since then, Champion's HBM scale has been tested for reliability and validity around the globe and translated for Iranian (Hashemian, Shokravi, Lamyian, Hassanpour & Akaberi, 2013;Taymoori & Berry, 2009), Lithuanian (Zelviene & Bogusevicius, 2007), Malaysian (Parsa, Kandiah, Mohd Nasir, Hejar & Nor Afiah, 2008), Arabic (Mikhail & Petro-Nustas, 2001), Korean (Lee, Kim & Song, 2002), Chinese-Australian (Kwok, Fethney & White, 2010), Turkish (Norman & Brain, 2005;Lunt, Bowen & Lee, 2005), African-American (Champion et al, 2008), and Spanish-speaking American women (Medina-Shepherd & Kleier, 2010). Findings of these studies have provided support for the validity and reliability of these HBM-based scales, though poor construct validity was shown in a Peruvian-translated version (Champion et al, 2008) and in a Spanish version (Esteva et al, 2007).…”