ASR do exist with the ASR amongst the Chinese being the highest at 41.5 per 100,000 population. Additionally, the ASR for the Indians was 37.1 and the Malays was the lowest at 27.2 per 100,000 population (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2016). As such, the ASR of breast cancer has brought about high concern amongst health professionals to detect breast cancer at an early stage.

Background/aim In Malaysia, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. As such, early diagnosis and screening practices are important to increase the survival rate. Breast self-examination (BSE) is one of the main screening methods for breast cancer. Socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of breast cancer are amongst the crucial roles in determining women's behavioral adoption in performing BSE. This study aims to assess the relationship of socio-demographic factors and knowledge of breast cancer on the stage of behavioral adoption of BSE among Malaysian women in Kuantan, Pahang. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 520 women from three different government health clinics in Kuantan and IIUM Family Health Clinic from February to April 2018. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire on socio-demographic factors and knowledge of breast cancer and its effect on the behavioral adoption of BSE. Results Significant difference was found between socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral adoption of BSE. However, only breast screening and the best time for screening were found to be significant with the behavioral adoption of BSE and knowledge of breast cancer. Conclusion It is found that most women in Kuantan, Pahang perform BSE but were still unaware of the importance of performing BSE for early breast cancer detection. This study was expected to enhance women's awareness of the benefits of performing BSE.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer worldwide. With an estimated 685,000 deaths, female breast cancer was the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, accounting for 6.9% of all cancer deaths. Previous studies have shown that late detection and delayed diagnosis are associated with advanced-stage breast cancer and poor survival. Factors contributing to non-adherence to breast cancer screening among women were elicited from previous studies. However, few studies have focused on the Muslim community, particularly Muslim women. As such, this systematic review aims to fill this gap by collecting information from studies conducted globally over the past ten years that examined cultural, religious and socio-ethical misconceptions about breast cancer screening among Muslim women. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, literature searches were conducted systematically through various databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Oxford Academic Journals. Article identification, screening steps and eligibility measures were meticulously performed throughout the review. Results: A total of 22 papers were appraised and included in this review. Five main themes were generated which were socio-ethical misconceptions, cultural and religious beliefs, cultural and religious barriers, stigmatization and fear of breast cancer impact. Eight sub-themes and 14 sub sub-themes were further elicited from the main themes. Conclusion: Muslim women have socio-ethical, cultural and religious misconceptions on what constitutes health and practices as well as on the nature and etiology of BC. Cultural barriers and religious values of Muslim women were indicated to influence their health behaviors such as upholding their modesty when choosing health interventions. BC stigma and fear were also found to be key sources of psychological distress that discouraged Muslim women from undergoing BC screening. The study suggests the implementation of holistic effort in educating Muslim women to increase BC screening rate.

Background In Malaysia, breast cancer accounted for 34.1% of all female cancer cases with women presenting breast cancer at late stages. Breast cancer has a higher five-year survival rate if detected early. An increase of approximately 30% in the five-year survival rate is indicated if breast cancer is detected at stage III compared to stage IV. Thus, survival rate of breast cancer can be increased by creating awareness and encouraging breast cancer screening amongst women. Breast self-examination (BSE) is highly recommended for breast cancer screening due to its simplicity with no incurred cost. The Health Belief Model is used in this study to explain and predict the adoptive behavior of BSE amongst women in Kuantan, Pahang. Materials and methods This study employed a multi-stage sampling method using a simple proportion formula at 5% type 1 error, p < 0.05 and absolute error at 2% which resulted in a sample of 520 participants. The data for the study was obtained using a validated bilingual self-constructed questionnaire and the model constructed using Mplus software. Results Perceived severity, benefits and barriers were found to significantly influence the behavioral adoption of BSE. Married women aged from 45 to 55 years and knowledge were found to significantly moderate the relationship between perceived benefits and behavioral adoption of BSE. Further, self-efficacy was found as the core construct that mediates the relationship between married women aged 45 to 55 years and the behavioral adoption of BSE. Conclusion Self-efficacy is found in the study to influence the behavioral adoption of BSE. This is undeniable as self-efficacy can promote confidence in initiating and maintenance of behavioral change if the perceived change is beneficial at an acceptable cost.

As nursing education gets more complex, leadership styles employed in these nursing training institutions played a crucial role in achieving nurse educators’ job satisfaction. As such, this study intends to elicit attributes and practices of nursing academic leaders’ transformational and transactional leadership styles in enhancing the job satisfaction of nurse educators. The qualitative method used for the study was based on the phenomenological approach to gather an in-depth understanding of human behaviour through interview, documents and observations. Purposive sampling was undertaken in selecting nine nurse educators from three nursing colleges from Johor and Melaka. Data from the interview were summarized in answering nurse educators' job satisfaction and perceived leadership styles and practices of nursing academic leaders. The responses from the verbatim transcriptions were analysed using the software Atlas Ti. The strong relationship between nursing academic leadership styles and nurse educators’ job satisfaction suggested that the academic nursing transformational leadership style played a prominent role on subordinates’ job satisfaction and that nursing academic leaders’ transformational leadership practices and attributes had the ability to encourage subordinates to achieve more than what they planned. Transactional leadership practised by the nursing academic leaders indicated a weak link to subordinates’ job satisfaction as the leaders’ emphasis on payoffs for performance and corrective actions were not as acceptable to that of transformational leadership attributes practised by the leaders. The study uncovered effective leadership was enacted via engaging leadership where the leader enabled the development of an organization modelled by a culture of integrity, transparency, accessibility and genuine valuing of others and that their contributions were concerned for the development and well-being of others. In fact, moral attributes like integrity, trustworthiness and commitment to work as well as decision making styles of leaders such as being consultative leader are among the basic Islamic teachings on establishing worthy social order.