Remote analysis of an open-pit slope failure: Las Cruces case study, Spain

López‐Vinielles, Juan; Ezquerro, Pablo; Merodo, J. A. Fernández; Béjar‐Pizarro, Marta; Monserrat, Oriol; Barra, Anna; Blanco, Pablo; Garcia-Robles, Javier; Filatov, Antón; García-Davalillo, Juan Carlos; Sarro, Roberto; Mulas, J.; Mateos, Rosa María; Azañón, José Miguel; Galvé, Jorge Pedro; Herrera, Gerardo

doi:10.1007/s10346-020-01413-7

Cited by 52 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…New satellite constellations of SAR missions such as Cosmo-SkyMed, TerraSAR-X, and ALOS-2 can guarantee high-resolution SAR data for different applications. SAR interferometry (InSAR) is a powerful technique that uses the phase and amplitude information of at least two SAR images with the same geometry and characteristics to extract the displacement rate of earthquakes [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], ground subsidence [14][15][16][17][18], volcanic activity [27][28][29][30], mining activities [7,31], structures [32][33][34], and landslides [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. The technique enables us to overcome the challenges of conventional methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses

Karimzadeh

Matsuoka

2020

Sensors

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Iran, as a semi-arid and arid country, has a water challenge in the recent decades and underground water extraction has been increased because of improper developments in the agricultural sector. Thus, detection and measurement of ground subsidence in major plains is of great importance for hazard mitigation purposes. In this study, we carried out a time series small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis of 15 L-band PALSAR-2 images acquired from ascending orbits of the ALOS-2 satellite between 2015 and 2020 to investigate long-term ground displacements in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. We found that two major parts of the study area (Tabriz and Shabestar plains) are subsiding, where the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −10 and −98 mm/year, respectively. The results revealed that the visible subsidence patterns in the study area are associated with either anthropogenic activities (e.g., underground water usage) or presence of compressible soils along the Tabriz–Shabestar and Tabriz–Azarshahr railways. This implies that infrastructure such as railways and roads is vulnerable if progressive ground subsidence takes over the whole area. The SBAS results deduced from L-band PALSAR-2 data were validated with field observations and compared with C-band Sentinel-1 results for the same period. The C-band Sentinel-1 results showed good agreement with the L-band PALSAR-2 dataset, in which the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −13 and −120 mm/year, respectively. For better visualization of the results, the SBAS InSAR velocity map was down-sampled and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on ~3600 randomly selected time series of the study area, and the results are presented by two principal components (PC1 and PC2).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses

Karimzadeh

Matsuoka

2020

Sensors

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“…However, most of the published results include the detection of changes between two topographies with GSD and accuracies above five centimetres [25]. Topographic surveys with higher GSD and accuracy are needed to study risks and adopt mitigation measurements, to map geologic structures, and to predict rockfalls [6] and slope failures [46], since human lives and the economic viability of an active mine may be endangered. The use of a computer-based program also requires testing on vertical landscapes [16] to save time, improve results, and increase flight safety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Workflow for Topographic Surveys in Long Highwalls of Open Pit Mines with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Structure from Motion

et al. 2021

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Conducting topographic surveys in active mines is challenging due ongoing operations and hazards, particularly in highwalls subject to constant and active mass movements (rock and earth falls, slides and flows). These vertical and long surfaces are the core of most mines, as the mineral feeding mining production originates there. They often lack easy and safe access paths. This framework highlights the importance of accomplishing non-contact high-accuracy and detailed topographies to detect instabilities prior to their occurrence. We have conducted drone flights in search of the best settings in terms of altitude mode and camera angle, to produce digital representation of topographies using Structure from Motion. Identification of discontinuities was evaluated, as they are a reliable indicator of potential failure areas. Natural shapes were used as control/check points and were surveyed using a robotic total station with a coaxial camera. The study was conducted in an active kaolin mine near the Alto Tajo Natural Park of East-Central Spain. Here the 140 m highwall is formed by layers of limestone, marls and sands. We demonstrate that for this vertical landscape, a facade drone flight mode combined with a nadir camera angle, and automatically programmed with a computer-based mission planning software, provides the most accurate and detailed topographies, in the shortest time and with increased flight safety. Contrary to previous reports, adding oblique images does not improve accuracy for this configuration. Moreover, neither extra sets of images nor an expert pilot are required. These topographies allowed the detection of 93.5% more discontinuities than the Above Mean Sea Level surveys, the common approach used in mining areas. Our findings improve the present SfM-UAV survey workflows in long highwalls. The versatile topographies are useful for the management and stabilization of highwalls during phases of operation, as well closure-reclamation.

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“…Secondly, the high temporal acquisition frequency (6-12 days in a major part of the world), the continuous acquisition policy, and the free of charge image availability has allowed the S-1 satellites to become an operative tool for displacement mapping and monitoring [29]. This is confirmed by the high number of papers produced in the first four years of the whole constellation addressing different monitoring applications such as landslides [5,18,30,31], volcanoes [32,33], subsidence [34,35], or mining [36,37]. Moreover, the large proportion of available data has resulted in the development of advanced products aiming at early warning support [18] or risk management [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sentinel-1 A-DInSAR Approaches to Map and Monitor Ground Displacements

Krishnakumar

Qiu²,

Monserrat

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) is a group of advanced interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques used to measure and monitor terrain deformation. Sentinel-1 has improved the data acquisition throughout and, compared to previous sensors, increased considerably the differential interferometric SAR (DInSAR) and PSI deformation monitoring potential. The low density of persistent scatterer (PS) in non-urban areas is a critical issue in DInSAR and has inspired the development of alternative approaches and refinement of the PS chains. This paper proposes two different and complementary data-driven procedures to obtain terrain deformation maps. These approaches aim to exploit Sentinel-1 highly coherent interferograms and their short revisit time. The first approach, called direct integration (DI), aims at providing a very fast and straightforward approach to screen-wide areas and easily detects active areas. This approach fully exploits the coherent interferograms from consecutive images provided by Sentinel-1, resulting in a very high sampling density. However, it lacks robustness and its usability lays on the operator experience. The second method, called persistent scatterer interferometry geomatics (PSIG) short temporal baseline, provides a constrained application of the PSIG chain, the CTTC approach to the PSI. It uses short temporal baseline interferograms and does not assume any deformation model for point selection. It is also quite a straightforward approach, which improves the performances of the standard PSIG approach, increasing the PS density and providing robust measurements. The effectiveness of the approaches is illustrated through analyses performed on different test sites.

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Remote analysis of an open-pit slope failure: Las Cruces case study, Spain

Cited by 52 publications

References 53 publications

Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses

Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses

Improvement of Workflow for Topographic Surveys in Long Highwalls of Open Pit Mines with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Structure from Motion

Sentinel-1 A-DInSAR Approaches to Map and Monitor Ground Displacements

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