Removal of total suspended solid by natural coagulant derived from cassava peel waste

Literature Review: Fabrication Method, Characterization, Performance, and Application of Cassava Peel as Bio-Coagulant for Wastewater Treatment

“…Table 5 shows variation of settling time to determine the optimal performance of cassava peel-based coagulant. The most optimal settling time for both types of coagulants in Asharuddin's study [39] was 60 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively. The rate of deposition of the Alum-Cassava Peel starch coagulant was faster due to the interaction between the high molecular weight of the cassava peel starch polymer chain and the initial floc formed by the addition of alum.…”

“…pH is the main parameter in the coagulation and flocculation process, because it can affect the surface charge of the coagulant and the stability of the suspension. In Asharuddin's research, 2018 [39], it was observed changes in pH for TSS removal until optimum conditions were obtained at pH 7 for the cassava peel starch coagulant type and at pH 9 for the dual coagulant Alum-Cassava Peel Starch. In an acidic environment, the lone pair of nitrogen electrons from the amino group on the granular surface of starch becomes protonated and becomes positively charged while the carboxyl group becomes neutral [40].…”

“…Table 4 shows the variation in dosage to determine the optimal performance of cassava peel-based coagulant. In Asharuddin's research [39], increasing alum dose can cause more suspended particles to be entangled in hydroxide precipitates to increase TSS removal. The same effect occurs when the dose of cassava peel starch is increased, but in excess doses it can cause a decrease in TSS removal because the surface of the polymer chain is excess saturation, which triggers particle stabilization.…”

“…Coagulant doses (mg/l) References Cassava Peel Starch 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 [5] 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 [20] Alum -Cassava Peel Starch 100%:0%, 70%:30%, 50%:50%, 30%:70%, 0%:100% [5] 100%:0%, 70%:30%, 50%:50%, 30%:70%, 0%:100% [20] 15:100, 15:0, 11.25:25, 7.5:50, 3.75:75, 0:100 [6] 100%:0%, 70%:30%, 50%:50%, 30%:70%, 20%:80%, 0%:100% [4] Alum -Modified Cassava peel with lemongrass extract 15:100, 15:0, 11.25:25, 7.5:50, 3.75:75, 0:100 [6] Note: The parameter values in bold are the best conditions in the water treatment process Another Asharuddin study [20] concluded that the optimum dose of cassava peel starch as a coagulant was 200 mg/l, while the alum-cassava peel dual coagulant system was optimum at the ratio 50%:50% (7.5 mg/L : 100 mg/L) with a turbidity removal value of 90.32%. The value of turbidity removal in cassava peel starch as a coagulant was obtained because the content of amylopectin which can be the main agent as a bridge forming between particles contained in cassava peel starch with a fairly high concentration.…”

“…The types of coagulants and flocculants that are often used are polyaluminum chloride and synthetic polymers (polyacrylamide). However, excessive use of these substances can lead to various environmental consequences, as well as exhibiting neurotoxicity and carcinogenic effects [5]. Therefore, the dose of chemical coagulant used needs to be controlled to reduce residual ingredients in the product which can then carry negative chemicals to water consumers.…”