Representation of statistical properties

Chong, Sang Chul; Treisman, Anne

doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00596-5

Cited by 559 publications

(641 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Neither the present experiment nor the Chong and Treisman experiment can distinguish between these two possibilities (ref. 29, also see ref. 30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Adults are sensitive to subtle statistical properties of arrays of 2D objects, including, for example, their averages. Chong and Treisman (29) had adults compare arrays of homogenous-sized or heterogeneous-sized circles and report which side had the larger mean circle size. The numbers of circles on the two displays were always the same, so number and area (or average size) never were incongruent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sometimes area counts more than number

Hurewitz

Gelman

Schnitzer

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

208

210

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Using an interference paradigm, we show across three experiments that adults' order judgments of numbers, sizes, or combined area of dots in pairs of arrays occur spontaneously and automatically, but at different speeds and levels of accuracy. Experiment 1 used circles whose sizes varied between but not within arrays. Variation in circle size interfered with judgments of which array had more circles. Experiment 2 used displays in which circle size varied within and between arrays. Between-array differences in the amount of ''circle stuff'' (area occupied by circles) interfered with judgments of number. Experiment 3 examined whether variation in number also interferes with judgments of area. Interference between discrete and continuous stimulus dimensions occurred in both directions, although it was stronger from the continuous to the discrete than vice versa. These results bear on interpretations of studies with infants and preschoolers wherein subjects respond on the basis of continuous quantity rather than discrete quantity. In light of our results with adults, these findings do not license the conclusion that young children cannot represent discrete quantity. Absent data on attentional hierarchies and speed of processing, it is premature to conclude that infant and child quantity processes are fundamentally different from that of adults.attention ͉ child development ͉ estimation ͉ interference ͉ quantity T he capacity to represent both discrete and continuous quantity is found in both humans and nonhuman animals (1-3). Discrimination functions in animals and humans yield similar variability signatures for different dimensions of quantification (time, number, distance, and size), suggesting the use of a common representational format across species (4-7) and domains (discrete vs. continuous quantity).Questions of when in development different quantitative dimensions are represented and how these representations interact have become important issues in research on the development of numerical cognition in humans. On one view, preverbal numerical representations like those found in nonhuman animals are present at a very early age and form the basis for children's later numerical accomplishments, such as counting and the understanding of arithmetic operations (ordination, addition, and subtraction). Consistent with this view are reports that infants discriminate numerically small sets of one to three items (8-10), and larger pairs, like 8 vs. 16 (11). They also respond appropriately to the effects of addition and subtraction (12) and show intermodal numerical matching (13) and intermodal addition (14).The alternative view is that the ability to represent number (discrete quantity) appears late in development. On this view, infants' behavior in ostensibly numerical experiments is controlled by variation along covarying nonnumerical continuous dimensions of the stimuli (15). Discrete displays span various lengths, and the items cover varying amounts of surface or occupy varying volumes. Studies designed to investig...

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“…Neither the present experiment nor the Chong and Treisman experiment can distinguish between these two possibilities (ref. 29, also see ref. 30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sometimes area counts more than number

Hurewitz

Gelman

Schnitzer

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

208

210

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, ''average'' information allows individuals to compare sets of events that are comprised of different intensity levels and different numbers of elements. In fact, it has been suggested that basic perceptual processes have evolved that include the extraction of this type of statistical information (e.g., Chong & Treisman, 2003.…”

Section: The Averaging/summation (A/s) Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Averaging and summation: Positivity and choice as a function of the number and affective intensity of life events

Seta

Haire

Seta

2008

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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“…Our ability to extract statistical properties along basic dimensions, such as size (Ariely 2001;Chong and Treisman 2003), direction and speed of motion (Atchley and Andersen 1995;Williams and Sekuler 1984), was previously proved . More recent studies showed that an averaging process may take place along different dimensions in parallel; but this leads to a decrease in performance (Chong et al 2008;Emmanouil and Treisman 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of after-effects caused by adaptation to multiple face displays

et al. 2012

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Adaptation to a given face leads to face-related, specific after-effects. Recently, this topic has attracted a lot of attention because it clearly shows that adaptation occurs even at the higher stages of visual cortical processing. However, during our every-day life, faces do not appear in isolation, rather they are usually surrounded by other stimuli. Here, we used psychophysical and fMRI adaptation methods to test whether humans adapt to the gender properties of a composite multiple face stimulus as well. As adaptors we used stimuli composed of eight different individual faces, positioned peripherally in a ring around a fixation mark. We found that the gender discrimination of a subsequent centrally presented target face is significantly biased as a result of long-term adaptation to either male or female multiple face stimuli. Similar to our previous results with single-face adaptors (Kovács et al. in Neuroimage 43(1):156-164, 2008), a concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation experiment revealed the strongest blood oxygen level-dependent signal adaptation bilaterally in the fusiform face area. Our results suggest that humans extract the statistical features of the multiple face stimulus and this process occurs at the level of occipito-temporal face processing.

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Representation of statistical properties

Cited by 559 publications

References 29 publications

Sometimes area counts more than number

Sometimes area counts more than number

Averaging and summation: Positivity and choice as a function of the number and affective intensity of life events

Neural correlates of after-effects caused by adaptation to multiple face displays

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