Reprocessing and Solid State Polymerization on Contaminated Post-consumer PET: Thermal and Crystallization Behavior

Fitaroni, Lays B.; Oliveira, Éder C.; Marcomini, André Luís; Paranhos, Caio Márcio; Freitas, Flavia Leticia Silva; Cruz, Sandra Andréa

doi:10.1007/s10924-019-01579-9

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence, there is a reduction in the polymer surface folding free energy, that is, the activation energy for crystal formation is decreased, which also allows a reduction in its lamellae thickness. [20,46] Considering that there are two components in the energy barrier for polymeric crystallization, a nucleation portion and a growth portion, it was observed by Xiang et al [33] that, despite graphene derivatives reducing the nucleation barrier, they increase the growth one. In other words, graphene derivatives accelerate the formation of crystalline nuclei, but delay their growth.…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crystallization kinetics, structure, and rheological behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/multilayer graphene oxide nanocomposites

Pinto

Silva

Santillo

et al. 2020

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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This work aims to produce poly(ethylene terephthalate)/multilayer graphene oxide (mGO) nanocomposites via continuous melt mixing in twin-screw extrusion, and to study the changes in crystallization and melt flow behavior. Three mGO contents (0.05, 0.1, and 0.3 wt%) were used. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed that at 0.1 wt%, mGO acted best as nucleating agent, increasing the crystallization kinetics as well as the melt crystallization temperature (T mc) by more than 20%. It was also observed that mGO increases the crystals perfection. The nucleating behavior was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering analyses, which showed a decrease in the composites' crystalline lamella thickness (l c) and long period. X-ray microtomography data confirms that this behavior is significantly affected by the mGO agglomerates distribution and specific surface area inside the polymer matrix. The rheological behavior was studied under two different conditions. It was noticed that under lower shear stresses the mGO particles hinder the polymer flow, increasing the composites viscosity and the pseudo-solid character. However, under higher shear stresses, for example, when flowing through a die, the nanomaterial enters its "superlubricity state," acting as a lubricant to the flow. This is industrially interesting, because it may allow the use of less severe processing parameters to produce the nanocomposites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallization kinetics, structure, and rheological behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/multilayer graphene oxide nanocomposites

Pinto

Silva

Santillo

et al. 2020

Polymer Engineering & Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The SSP process is commonly used in industry to improve the quality of rPET by aiming to increase the molecular weight of rPET [305]. The SSP process corresponds to heating PET at temperatures between the T g and melting temperature (T m ) and under low pressure [306][307][308]. These conditions increase the molecular weight by transesterification reactions and improve the mechanical properties of rPET.…”

Section: Mechanical Recycling Of Petmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites

et al. 2021

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Plastics are versatile materials used in a variety of sectors that have seen a rapid increase in their global production. Millions of tonnes of plastic wastes are generated each year, which puts pressure on plastic waste management methods to prevent their accumulation within the environment. Recycling is an attractive disposal method and aids the initiative of a circular plastic economy, but recycling still has challenges to overcome. This review starts with an overview of the current European recycling strategies for solid plastic waste and the challenges faced. Emphasis lies on the recycling of polyolefins (POs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which are found in plastic packaging, as packaging contributes a signification proportion to solid plastic wastes. Both sections, the recycling of POs and PET, discuss the sources of wastes, chemical and mechanical recycling, effects of recycling on the material properties, strategies to improve the performance of recycled POs and PET, and finally the applications of recycled POs and PET. The review concludes with a discussion of the future potential and opportunities of recycled POs and PET.

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“…It is used following mechanical methods to make “bottle to bottle” recycling possible [ 12 ]. However, it is affected by contaminants and requires long reaction times and expensive control devices [ 10 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Quaternary recycling recovers energy from plastic by incineration [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Electrochemical Recycling of End-Use Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Plastics in Batch, Microwave and Electrochemical Reactors

et al. 2020

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This work describes new methods for the chemical recycling of end-use poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in batch, microwave and electrochemical reactors. The reactions are based on basic hydrolysis of the ester moieties in the polymer framework and occur under mild reaction conditions with low-cost reagents. We report end-use PET depolymerization in refluxing methanol with added NaOH with 75% yield of terephthalic acid in batch after 12 h, while yields up to 65% can be observed after only 40 min under microwave irradiation at 85 °C. Using basic conditions produced in the electrochemical reduction of protic solvents, electrolytic experiments have been shown to produce 17% terephthalic acid after 1 h of electrolysis at −2.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl in 50% water/methanol mixtures with NaCl as a supporting electrolyte. The latter method avoids the use of caustic solutions containing high-concentration NaOH at the outset, thus proving the concept for a novel, environmentally benign method for the electrochemical recycling of end-use PET based on low-cost solvents (water and methanol) and reagents (NaCl and electricity).

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Reprocessing and Solid State Polymerization on Contaminated Post-consumer PET: Thermal and Crystallization Behavior

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

Crystallization kinetics, structure, and rheological behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/multilayer graphene oxide nanocomposites

Crystallization kinetics, structure, and rheological behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/multilayer graphene oxide nanocomposites

Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites

Chemical and Electrochemical Recycling of End-Use Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Plastics in Batch, Microwave and Electrochemical Reactors

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