Reproductive Factors and Breast Cancer Risk among Older Women

Shantakumar, Sumitra; Terry, MB; Sl, Teitelbaum; Britton, Julie A.; Ai, Neugut; Gammon, Marilie D.

doi:10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s97-a

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Many studies have shown that breast cancer risk is more for women whose menarche occur at an early age, in India and other countries [12,13]. Early age at menarche is associated with increased risk of breast cancer and there appears to be a 20% decrease in breast cancer risk for each year if menarche is delayed [14,15].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Population Based Case Control Study on Breast Cancer and the Associated Risk Factors in a Rural Setting in Kerala, Southern India

Parameshwari

Muthukumar²,

Jennifer³

2013

JCDR

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Population Based Case Control Study on Breast Cancer and the Associated Risk Factors in a Rural Setting in Kerala, Southern India

Parameshwari

Muthukumar²,

Jennifer³

2013

JCDR

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“…The risks of breast and ovarian cancer and osteoporosis are also decreased. [116][117][118][119] Besides all these, breastfeeding enhances emotional bonding and close mother to infant contact.…”

Section: Benefits Of Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Pregnancy

Kumar

Singh

Sinha

2012

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

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Planning of pregnancy and management of chronic hepatitis B virus during pregnancy includes recognition of maternal virological status, assessment of liver disease severity and minimization of risk for mother to infant transmission of infection. Decisions regarding the use of antivirals during pregnancy need to be individualized. Monitoring for infection and immunization in newborns is also important. For mothers on antiviral therapy, breastfeeding is not recommended. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2012;2:366-381) A pproximately 400 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide, 1 and almost half have acquired their infections either through mother to infant transmission or in early childhood, especially in countries where HBV has intermediate to high prevalence.2 In Asia, 8%-10% of the population is chronically infected with HBV, and up to 50% of new cases of hepatitis B infection are due to mother to infant transmission.3 In contrast, the majority of new hepatitis B cases in developed countries are the result of horizontal transmission in adulthood. Before the adoption of standard passive-active immunoprophylaxis treatment, approximately 70%-90% of infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive mothers became chronically infected with HBV. 4 The mother to infant transmission rate was reduced to 5%-10% when infants received appropriate postnatal hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) and a series of HBV vaccines. However, despite passive-active immunoprophylaxis provided to infants, up to 8%-30% of infants born to highly viremic mothers still become infected with HBV (Figures 1-3). This review will address several issues important to chronic hepatitis B virus infection and pregnancy including effect of pregnancy on chronic HBV infection, effect of chronic HBV infection on pregnancy, mother to infant transmission, safety data on HBV antivirals during pregnancy, management of chronic HBV infection in women who desire pregnancy or become pregnant while taking antivirals. PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDIAThe prevalence of chronic HBV infection varies widely, with rates ranging from 0.1% to 20% in different parts of the world.2 "High" prevalence (HBsAg positivity rates > 8%) regions include the Asia (except Japan), parts of the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Amazon basin. "Intermediate" (2%-7% HBsAg positive) prevalence regions include, the Indian subcontinent, parts of central Asia and the Middle East, Eastern and Southern Europe, as well as parts of South America. "Low" prevalence (<2% HBsAg positive) regions include the United States, Northern Europe, Australia, Japan and the southern part of South America. Overall, 45% of the world population lives in "high" prevalence regions.The HBsAg positivity rate of Hepatitis B in India is different in the different regions of the country. The overall chronic HBsAg positivity rate is often quoted as being 4.7%.5 In India, the prevalence rate of HBsAg...

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“…The molecular changes involved in this phenomenon are just starting to be unraveled (13)(14)(15). In women, the protection conferred by pregnancy, however, is age specific because a delay in childbearing after age 24 progressively increases the risk of cancer development, which becomes greater than that of nulliparous women when the first full-term pregnancy occurs after 35 years of age (2,16). The higher breast cancer risk that has been associated with early menarche (17) further emphasizes the importance of the length of the susceptibility ''window'' that encompasses the period of breast development occurring between menarche and the first pregnancy, when the organ is more susceptible to either undergo complete differentiation under physiologic hormonal stimuli, and hence to be protected from breast cancer, or to suffer genetic or epigenetic damage that might contribute to increasing the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer (9,18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-term Pregnancy Induces a Specific Genomic Signature in the Human Breast

Russo

Balogh²,

Russo³

2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

104

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Breast cancer risk has traditionally been linked to nulliparity or late first full-term pregnancy, whereas young age at first childbirth, multiparity, and breastfeeding are associated with a reduced risk. Early pregnancy confers protection by inducing breast differentiation, which imprints a specific and permanent genomic signature in experimental rodent models. For testing whether the same phenomenon was detectable in the atrophic breast of postmenopausal parous women, we designed a case-control study for the analysis of the gene expression profile of RNA extracted from epithelial cells microdissected from normal breast tissues obtained from 18 parous and 7 nulliparous women free of breast pathology (controls), and 41 parous and 8 nulliparous women with history of breast cancer (cases). RNA was hybridized to cDNA glass microarrays containing 40,000 genes; arrays were scanned and the images were analyzed using ImaGene software version 4.2. Normalization and statistical analysis were carried out using Linear Models for Microarrays and GeneSight software for hierarchical clustering. The parous control group contained 2,541 gene sequences representing 18 biological processes that were differentially expressed in comparison with the other three groups. Hierarchical clustering of these genes revealed that the combined parity/absence of breast cancer data generated a distinct genomic profile that differed from those of the breast cancer groups, irrespective of parity history, and from the nulliparous cancer-free group, which has been traditionally identified as a high-risk group. The signature that identifies those women in whom parity has been protective will serve as a molecular biomarker of differentiation for evaluating the potential use of preventive agents. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(1):51 -66)

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Reproductive Factors and Breast Cancer Risk among Older Women

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

A Population Based Case Control Study on Breast Cancer and the Associated Risk Factors in a Rural Setting in Kerala, Southern India

A Population Based Case Control Study on Breast Cancer and the Associated Risk Factors in a Rural Setting in Kerala, Southern India

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Pregnancy

Full-term Pregnancy Induces a Specific Genomic Signature in the Human Breast

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