Research on the influence of LPG/CNG injector outlet nozzle diameter on uneven fuel dosage

Szpica, Dariusz

doi:10.3846/16484142.2016.1149884

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Many scientists carry out their research according to a comprehensive plan, which is time-consuming [32][33][34]. By using the selection plan, the time of research could be significantly shortened, without endangering the quality of the results [34][35][36]. During the planning process, the correct selection of input parameters is crucial [37,38].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Operating Time on Selected Tribological Properties of the Friction Material in the Brake Pads of Passenger Cars

Borawski

2021

Materials

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Braking systems have a direct impact on the safety of road users. That is why it is crucial that the performance of brakes be dependable and faultless. Unfortunately, the operating conditions of brakes during their operating time are affected by many variables, which results in changes in their tribological properties. This article presents an attempt to develop a methodology for studying how the operating time affects the value of the coefficient of friction and the abrasive wear factor. The Taguchi method of process optimization was used to plan the experiment, which was based on tests using the ball-cratering method. The results clearly show that the degree of wear affects the properties of the friction material used in the production process of brakes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Operating Time on Selected Tribological Properties of the Friction Material in the Brake Pads of Passenger Cars

Borawski

2021

Materials

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“…Currently, FEM is used in virtually all fields of science. FEM analyses can be performed for any load conditions (static, dynamic) and take into account (together with experimental research) frictional and flow aspects [30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Verification Of the Analytical Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static Electromechanical Characteristic of a Three-Layer Circular Piezoelectric Transducer

Mieczkowski

Borawski

Szpica

2019

Sensors

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The paper presents research related to the functional features of a novel three-layer circular piezoelectric actuator/sensor. The outer layers of the transducer are made of non-piezoelectric material. The middle layer comprises two elements—a piezoelectric disk, and a ring made of non-piezoelectric material. The additional external passive layer has a very important function; it protects the transducer’s electrical components against damage caused by external factors. Also, if sparking on the transducer wires or electrodes occurs, this layer prevents fire. So far, there is no analytical model for such a transducer. Closed-form analytical equations are important tools for predicting and optimizing the operation of devices. Thus, using both the Plate Theory and constitutive equations of piezoelectric materials, an analytical formula describing transducer deflection as a function of electrical loads has been found (electromechanical characteristic of the transducer). In addition, it is worth noting that under certain assumptions, the developed analytical model can also be used for two-layer transducers. The tests carried out show satisfactory compliance of the results obtained through the developed solution with both literature data and numerical data. Moreover, based on the obtained analytical model, the effect of selected non-dimensional variables on the actuator performance has been examined. These parameters include dimensions and mechanical properties of both piezoelectric disk and passive plates and strongly influence the behavior of the transducer.

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“…It is used in many forms for driving internal combustion engines, e.g., NG, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) [2,3]. The main component of NG is methane (CH 4 ) (usually ≥90%), in addition, small amounts of ethane, propane, butane and other organic and mineral compounds may be present [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel Systems in Small Engine Wood Chippers on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption

et al. 2020

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The projected increase in the availability of gaseous fuels by growing popularity of household natural gas (NG) filling stations and the increase in the production of gaseous biogas-derived fuels is conducive to an increase in the use of NG fuel. Currently, natural gas in various forms (compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG)) is popular in maritime, rail and road transport. A new direction of natural gas application may be non-road mobile machines powered by a small spark-ignition engine (SI). The use of these engines in the wood chippers can cause the reduction of machine costs and emissions of harmful exhaust gases. In addition, plant material chippers intended for composting in bio-gas plants can be driven by the gas they are used to produce. The biogas can be purified to bio-methane to meet natural gas quality standards. The article presents the design of the natural gas supply system, which is an upgrade of the Lifan GX 390 combustion engine spark ignition engine (Four-stroke, OHV (over head valve) with a maximum power of 9.56 kW), which is a common representative of small gasoline engines. The engine is mounted in a cylindrical chipper designed for shredding branches with a maximum diameter of up to 100 mm, which is a typical machine used for cleaning work in urban areas. The engine powered by CNG and traditionally gasoline has been tested in real working conditions, when shredding cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Beitr. Naturk. 4:17. 1789 (Gartenkalender4:189–204. 1784)). Their diameter was ca. 80 mm, 3-metere-long, and humidity content ca. 25%. The systems were tested under the same actual operating conditions, the average power generated by the drives during shredding is about 0.69 kW. Based on the recorded results, it was found that the CNG-fuelled engine was characterized by nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions higher by 45%. The other effects of CNG were a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of about 81%, 26% and 57%, respectively. Additionally, the use of CNG reduced fuel consumption by 31% and hourly estimated machine operating costs resulting from fuel costs by 53% (for average fuel price in Poland: gasoline: 0.99 EUR/L and CNG: 0.71 EUR/m3 on 08 November 2020). The modernization performed by the authors ensured the work of the drive unit during shredding, closer to the value of stoichiometric mixtures. The average (AVG) value of the air fuel ratio (AFR) for CNG was enriched by 1.2% (AVG AFR was 17), while for the gasoline engine the mixture was more enriched by 4.8% (AVG AFR was 14). The operation of spark-ignition (SI) combustion engines is most advantageous when burning stoichiometric mixtures due to the cooperation with exhaust aftertreatment systems (e.g., three-function catalytic converter). A system powered by CNG may be beneficial in systems adapting to operating conditions, used in low-power shredding machines, whose problem is increased HC emissions, and CNG combustion may reduce them. The developed system does not exceed the emission standards applicable in the European Union. For CO emissions expressed in g/kWh, it was about 95% lower than the permissible value, and HC + NOx emissions were 85% lower. This suggests that the use of the fuel in question may contribute to tightening up the permissible emission regulations for non-road machinery.

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Research on the influence of LPG/CNG injector outlet nozzle diameter on uneven fuel dosage

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Impact of Operating Time on Selected Tribological Properties of the Friction Material in the Brake Pads of Passenger Cars

Impact of Operating Time on Selected Tribological Properties of the Friction Material in the Brake Pads of Passenger Cars

Static Electromechanical Characteristic of a Three-Layer Circular Piezoelectric Transducer

Impact of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel Systems in Small Engine Wood Chippers on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption

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