Residual quantification and oxidative stress induced by malachite green after subacute and sublethal exposure in red tilapia

Abstract

Background and Aim:Malachite green (MG) is an effective antiparasitic and antifungal chemical for treatment of fish. However, MG is reported to be a potential carcinogen. Yet, it is widely used in aquaculture despite its prohibition for use in food-producing animals by the EU and USFDA. The present study quantified MG residues and evaluated the oxidative stress in red tilapia when exposed to subacute and sublethal concentrations of MG.Materials and Methods:Red tilapia exposed to subacute (0.105 mg/L for 20 days) and sublethal (0.053 mg/L for 60 days) concentrations were evaluated for total plasma protein, total immunoglobulin, nitroblue tetrazolium activity, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) activity levels. The residues of MG and leuco-MG (LMG) were also quantified in the fish muscles using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.Results:Fish exposed to subacute concentration showed higher CAT on day 10 in the liver and days 5 and 15 in the spleen, whereas in fish exposed to the sublethal concentration, higher levels of GSH were observed on day 1 in the kidney and day 50 in the spleen. Fish muscle was able to accumulate the sum of MG and LMG of 108.04 µg/kg for subacute (day 20) and 82.68 µg/kg for sublethal (day 60).Conclusion:This study showed that red tilapia was able to adapt to the stress caused by exposure to MG at sublethal concentration.

Protective Effect of Emblica officinalis in Cyprinus carpio against Hepatotoxicity Induced by Malachite Green: Ultrastructural and Molecular Analysis

“…The unrestricted release of dye effluents in water poses non-targeted toxicity to the fish and aquatic organisms, affecting their vision, physiology, genetic constitution, and histology [6][7][8][9]. Despite its reported toxicity, it is still being used illegally in many Asian countries (India and Bangladesh) as an aquaculture therapeutant in Saprolegniasis and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection [10][11][12][13][14]. MG has been reported to severely affect the aquatic biota due to its non-biodegradable nature and tendency to bio accumulate [15,16].…”

In Vivo Modulatory Effect of Malachite Green on Cytochrome P450 and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Rainbow Trout Liver

“…However, the monitoring studies clearly show us illegal usage of it (Liang et In vivo researches on its metabolism in sh is limited. LC50 values were reported as 0.83 mg/L for 96 hours in rainbow trout and 1.06 mg/L for 96 hours in tilapia (Heydari et al 2022;Kwan et al 2019). In a study, malachite green concentration has been determined as 0.0057-0.384 µg/L in sh farm e uent (Amin and Khodabakhshi 2012).…”

Efficacy of Terminalia catappa-AgNP nanocomposite towards Saprolegnia parasitica infection in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) eggs

“…The Malachite green is carcinogenic and induces oxidative stress on fish when it reaches the water (Majeed et al, 2014). The use of malachite green is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Kwan et al, 2019) and is prohibited in aquaculture in the European Union due to its harmful effects on human health and the environment (EU regulation -EG1272, 2008.…”