Residues of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and their phenolic metabolites in tissues of sheep and cattle

Distribution and metabolism of 2,4‐dichlorophenol in rats

“…The concentration of 2,4-DCP and its conjugates in kidney was consistently higher than in plasma and other tissues at corresponding times. Similar results were reported by Clark et al (1975) in tissues of sheep and cattle. They found a high concentration of 2,4-DCP, as a metabolite of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, in the kidney, followed by liver and other tissues.…”

“…Mitsuda et al (1963) found that 2,4-DCP inhibited oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria and rat brain homogenate. Clark et al (1975) studied the time distribution of 2,4-DCP in sheep and cattle that were fed high concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. They found that the liver and kidney contained high concentrations of 2,4-DCP; however, 2,4-DCP could not be detected in fat and muscle.…”

“…Chlorinated phenols are widely used as herbicides. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is known to be a metabolite of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a herbicide (Clark et al, 1975;Faulkner and Woodcock, 1965). The presence of halogenated phenolic compound was reported in drinking water, human blood serum, and adipose tissue (Morgade et al, 1980).…”

Immunohistochemical and Histopathological Evaluation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid-Induced Changes in Rat Kidney Cortex

“…96% of an orally administered dose of radioactive labeled-2,4-D was recovered from the urine of a sheep within 24 h of ingestion (Clark et al 1964). A previous study evaluating tissue residues of some chlorophenoxy acids in sheep and cattle following oral doses has reported that chlorophenoxy acids and the related phenolic metabolites are found in muscle, fat, liver, and kidney tissues of sheep and cattle; with the highest residues in the kidney (Clark et al 1975). Metabolism of 2,4-D in laying hens and lactating goats has recently been studied and the most abundant tissue residue of 2,4-D was found in the kidneys (Barnekow et al 2001).…”

Phenoxy Herbicides (2,4-D)

“…Peak tissue levels in rats have been reported anywhere from 10 minutes to 8 hours depending on the dose administered (0.4 to 240 mg/kg body weight) (Khanna and Fang, 1966;Pelletier et al, 1989). Following exposure, 2,4-D has been detected in liver, kidney, and lung of a variety of animal species (Clark et al, 1975;Erne, 1966a). Levels in brain were reported to account for only a very small percentage of the exposure dose (Erne, 1966a;Tyynela et al, 1990); however, at levels of intoxication (i.e., 300 mg/kg body weight, which is well above the level of renal saturation), levels in brain and cerebrospinal fluid of rats were increased relative to plasma levels Ylitalo, 1977, 1979;Tyynela et al, 1990).…”