Respiration and Respiratory Water Loss

Kestler, P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70020-0_6

Cited by 164 publications

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“…In insects that use both convective and diffusive exchange (14), fluxes occur through spiracles, which are short tubes much like those used by plant leaves and bird eggshells. Models for the uptake of gases (oxygen for animals and carbon dioxide for plants) and the loss of water vapor have been developed for all five groups (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Here, we show that the models are all specific statements of an underlying general model and that a common expression for respiratory water lost per unit of gas taken up can be readily developed.…”

Section: Model Of Gas Uptake and Water Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saturation vapor pressures depend on the water potential of the nearby liquid phase, and this, in turn, depends on osmotic, matrix, and pressure potentials of water (14,25). However, in respiratory systems, the most important factor affecting vapor pressure is temperature (26).…”

Section: Model Of Gas Uptake and Water Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because system physical structures are identical with respect to metabolic gases (CO 2 and O 2 ) and water vapor, the physical dimensions (crosssectional area, A, and length, L) in τ cancel and therefore, disappear from the model. This simple vapor-gas relationship has been developed explicitly in the plant literature (20) and in models of respiratory water loss in vertebrates (18) and insects (14), but it has never been expressed in a general form like the one expressed here. Eq.…”

Section: Model Of Gas Uptake and Water Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diversity of gas-exchange systems among taxa has spawned a large set of models for predicting respiratory and stomatal water losses (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Although the models are all quite similar, they have failed to provide unification and generality as a group, because each uses different terminology and is built on taxonspecific details.…”

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Universal model for water costs of gas exchange by animals and plants

Woods

Smith

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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For terrestrial animals and plants, a fundamental cost of living is water vapor lost to the atmosphere during exchange of metabolic gases. Here, by bringing together previously developed models for specific taxa, we integrate properties common to all terrestrial gas exchangers into a universal model of water loss. The model predicts that water loss scales to gas exchange with an exponent of 1 and that the amount of water lost per unit of gas exchanged depends on several factors: the surface temperature of the respiratory system near the outside of the organism, the gas consumed (oxygen or carbon dioxide), the steepness of the gradients for gas and vapor, and the transport mode (convective or diffusive). Model predictions were largely confirmed by data on 202 species in five taxa-insects, birds, bird eggs, mammals, and plants-spanning nine orders of magnitude in rate of gas exchange. Discrepancies between model predictions and data seemed to arise from biologically interesting violations of model assumptions, which emphasizes how poorly we understand gas exchange in some taxa. The universal model provides a unified conceptual framework for analyzing exchangeassociated water losses across taxa with radically different metabolic and exchange systems.ll terrestrial animals and plants exchange O 2 and CO 2 with the atmosphere and thereby incur costs in the currency of water vapor (1-4). The inevitability of water loss stems from universal characteristics of terrestriality-(i) adequate gas exchange requires large surface areas of high-conductance tissues, usually invaginated; (ii) high-conductance tissues saturate internal exchange spaces with water vapor; and (iii) those surfaces must be ventilated by the atmosphere, at least intermittently. Consequently, water vapor tends to escape into surrounding drier air. Terrestrial organisms-here defined to include air-breathing marine mammals-thus face a gas-water tradeoff in which higher rates of gas exchange give higher rates of water loss. For individual organisms, this tradeoff shapes patterns of ventilation and behavior. For populations and species, the tradeoff influences diverse phenomena, including the evolution of hibernation, dormancy, and diapause (5-8), the evolution of nasal physiology in vertebrate homeotherms (9-11), and the evolution and ecology of plants with different modes of carbon fixation (C3, C4, and CAM) (12). In general, the severity of the tradeoff for any species will depend on the fraction of total water lost through the gas-exchange system, which in turn is related to the temperature and aridity of its habitat (13).The diversity of gas-exchange systems among taxa has spawned a large set of models for predicting respiratory and stomatal water losses (14-21). Although the models are all quite similar, they have failed to provide unification and generality as a group, because each uses different terminology and is built on taxonspecific details. Broader conceptualization of the problem may give insight into how diverse organisms function across biome...

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Section: Model Of Gas Uptake and Water Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Of Gas Uptake and Water Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Of Gas Uptake and Water Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Universal model for water costs of gas exchange by animals and plants

Woods

Smith

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In many insects, discontinuous gas exchange cycles or DGCs are associated with active ventilatory movements of the abdomen, during which emission of carbon dioxide is discontinuous (Kestler, 1985;Sláma, 1988;Lighton, 1994Lighton, , 1996, for reviews).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regular periods of abdominal contractions recorded from larvae of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Mänd¹,

Kuusik²,

Martin³

et al. 2006

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Using an opto-cardiograph combined with an infrared gas analyzer regular bouts of abdominal contractions were recorded from last instar larva of Bombus terrestris. The rate of CO2 release was about 0.7 ml g -1 h -1 . The bouts of contractions were of two types: weak extracardiac pulsations and vigorous pumping. The frequencies of pulsations and pumping were 25-35 per min and 8-12 per min, respectively. Bouts of extracardiac pulsations and abdominal pumping were independent of each other and sometimes overlapped. Cardiac contractions (heartbeats) were continuous (57-63 pulses/min). This study suggests that the periodically occurring abdominal contractions play an essential role in respiration and/or in haemolymph circulation in larvae of B. terrestris.

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Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky

Hsia

Schmitz

Lambertz

et al. 2013

Comprehensive Physiology

282

147

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Life originated in anoxia, but many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival, independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for acquiring oxygen from the environment. Ambient oxygen tension (PO2) fluctuated through the ages in correlation with biodiversity and body size, enabling organisms to migrate from water to land and air and sometimes in the opposite direction. Habitat expansion compels the use of different gas exchangers, for example, skin, gills, tracheae, lungs, and their intermediate stages, that may coexist within the same species; coexistence may be temporally disjunct (e.g., larval gills vs. adult lungs) or simultaneous (e.g., skin, gills, and lungs in some salamanders). Disparate systems exhibit similar directions of adaptation: toward larger diffusion interfaces, thinner barriers, finer dynamic regulation, and reduced cost of breathing. Efficient respiratory gas exchange, coupled to downstream convective and diffusive resistances, comprise the “oxygen cascade”—step-down of PO2 that balances supply against toxicity. Here, we review the origin of oxygen homeostasis, a primal selection factor for all respiratory systems, which in turn function as gatekeepers of the cascade. Within an organism's lifespan, the respiratory apparatus adapts in various ways to upregulate oxygen uptake in hypoxia and restrict uptake in hyperoxia. In an evolutionary context, certain species also become adapted to environmental conditions or habitual organismic demands. We, therefore, survey the comparative anatomy and physiology of respiratory systems from invertebrates to vertebrates, water to air breathers, and terrestrial to aerial inhabitants. Through the evolutionary directions and variety of gas exchangers, their shared features and individual compromises may be appreciated.

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Respiration and Respiratory Water Loss

Cited by 164 publications

References 0 publications

Universal model for water costs of gas exchange by animals and plants

Universal model for water costs of gas exchange by animals and plants

Regular periods of abdominal contractions recorded from larvae of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky

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