Response of Typhoid Fever Caused by Chloramphenicol-Susceptible and Chloramphenicol-Resistant Strains of Salmonella typhi to Treatment with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Butler, Thomas; Rumans, Larry W.; Arnold, Keith

doi:10.1093/clinids/4.2.551

Cited by 43 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Chloramphenicol was the first drug shown to be effective therapy for typhoid fever and remains the drug of choice in many parts of the world. Chloramphenicol has also been used intravenously in patients with severe typhoid fever; however, the cure rate could never have been as high as that obtained in the present study (5,11). Corticosteroids have also been recommended by several workers for reducing mortality in severely ill patients.…”

contrasting

confidence: 63%

Ciprofloxacin for treatment of severe typhoid fever in children

Dutta

Rasaily

Saha

et al. 1993

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Eighteen children with bacteriologically confirmed severe typhoid fever were initially treated intravenously with ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg of body weight per day). Clinical cure with eradication of multiresistant SalmoneUla typhi infection was observed in 17 patients (94.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 84 to 100%). Children regained normal consciousness within an average of 2 days (95% CI, 1.8 to 2.2 days). The temperatures of the children returned to normal within 3.3 days (95% CI, 3.1 to 3.5 days). Complications were not observed during the hospital stay or a 3-month follow-up period. Relapse and carrier state were also not encountered during the follow-up period.

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contrasting

confidence: 63%

Ciprofloxacin for treatment of severe typhoid fever in children

Dutta

Rasaily

Saha

et al. 1993

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The bacteriostatic nature of chloramphenicol may in some way be involved with the therapeutic problems associated with chloramphenicol therapy of S. typhi, namely, relapse and a carrier state (4,27). In addition, the bacteriostatic activity of chloramphenicol should be considered when treating other serious Salmonella infections, especially meningitis (5,15,18,19 (23,26) as well as after changes in broth (17), temperature (9), pH (25), and inoculum density (11,16).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bactericidal activities of chloramphenicol and eleven other antibiotics against Salmonella spp

Preblud¹,

Gill²,

Campos³

1984

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The bactericidal activity of chloramphenicol against 27 strains of Salmonella typhi and 33 strains of S. enteritidis was compared with those of 11 other antibiotics. The geometric mean bactericidal concentrations of chloramphenicol against susceptible strains (36.10 and 43.13 ,ug/ml for S. typhi and S. enteritidis, respectively) far exceeded those of the other 11 antibiotics, with cephalothin having the next highest values (2.67 and 8.66 ,uglml) and moxalactam (0.09 and 0.28 ,ug/ml), cefotaxime (0.08 and 0.28 ,ug/ml), ceftriaxone (0.07 and 0.16 ,uglml), norfloxacin (0.06 and 0.10 ,ug/ml), and aztreonam (0.05 and 0.20 ,ug/ml) having the lowest values. The results for imipenem (0.24 and 0.81 ,ug/ml) and ceftazidime (0.22 and Q.75 ,ug/ml) were lower than those noted for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1.20 and 5.56 ,ug/ml), cefamandole (0.62 and 3.29 ,ug/ml), and ampicillin (Q.55 and 2.78 ,ug/ml). The were carried out in duplicate in microtiter trays with Mueller-Hinton broth (14). The antibiotic concentrations used ranged from 0.05 to 100 ,ug/ml. Each well was inoculated to a cell density of ca. 100,000 CFU/ml. Pairs of inoculation trays were incubated at 37°C, one tray for 24 h and one tray for 48 h. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of antibiotic able to inhibit visible growth of the test organism. The contents of each clear well (0.1 ml) were spotted onto the surface of a predried Mueller-Hinton agar plate. After the spots had soaked into the agar, the plate was incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The MBC was defined as the lowest concentration of antibiotic able to kill at least 99.9% of the original inoculum (i.e., '10 colonies per spot).Summary MICs and MBCs were calculated including only susceptible strains. For calculation of the geometric mean (GM) MICs and MBCs, results that were equal to or less than the lowest concentration tested were used as is, whereas results that were greater than the highest concentration tested were arbitrarily assigned a value that was one dilution higher. RESULTSBased on both disk diffusion and MIC results, 6 (22%) of the 27 S. typhi strains were resistant to chloramphenicol. One of these six isolates was also resistant to ampicillin, whereas one other was also resistant to TMP-SMZ. The S. enteritidis isolates were more resistant. Of the 33 isolates, 17 (52%) were resistant to ampicillin. These 17 strains included 4 (12%) that were also resistant to chloramphenicol and 9 (27%) others that were also resistant to both cephalothin and cefamandole.In general, MICs and MBCs for S. enteritidis were higher than those for S. typhi (Tables 1 and 2). Chloramphenicol and cephalothin had the highest GM MICs for both S. typhi and S. enteritidis (for chloramphenicol, 2.60 and 2.31 ,ug/ml, respectively; for cephalothin, 1.76 and 3.04 ,ug/ml, respectively) (

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“…Dose-related and reversible bone marrow depression and irreversible bone marrow aplasia that is rare, unpredictable, and often fatal may occur (448). Amoxicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were shown to have efficacy generally comparable to that of chloramphenicol with less risk of toxicity, although they also needed to be given for at least 2 weeks to avoid relapse (439,(449)(450)(451)(452)(453)(454)(455)(456). The experience with mecillinam was less convincing (456)(457)(458).…”

Section: Traditional First-line Antimicrobialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Salmonella enterica infections are common causes of bloodstream infection in low-resource areas, where they may be difficult to distinguish from other febrile illnesses and may be associated with a high case fatality ratio. Microbiologic culture of blood or bone marrow remains the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis. Antimicrobial resistance has emerged in Salmonella enterica , initially to the traditional first-line drugs chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility and then fluoroquinolone resistance have developed in association with chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and also by plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins has occurred more often in nontyphoidal than in typhoidal Salmonella strains. Azithromycin is effective for the management of uncomplicated typhoid fever and may serve as an alternative oral drug in areas where fluoroquinolone resistance is common. In 2013, CLSI lowered the ciprofloxacin susceptibility breakpoints to account for accumulating clinical, microbiologic, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data suggesting that revision was needed for contemporary invasive Salmonella infections. Newly established CLSI guidelines for azithromycin and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were published in CLSI document M100 in 2015.

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Response of Typhoid Fever Caused by Chloramphenicol-Susceptible and Chloramphenicol-Resistant Strains of Salmonella typhi to Treatment with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Cited by 43 publications

References 36 publications

Ciprofloxacin for treatment of severe typhoid fever in children

Ciprofloxacin for treatment of severe typhoid fever in children

Bactericidal activities of chloramphenicol and eleven other antibiotics against Salmonella spp

Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections

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