Restricted-Access Media Supports for Direct High-Throughput Analysis of Biological Fluid Samples: Review of Recent Applications

Abstract

This review presents an update on the use of restricted-access materials (RAMs) for direct injection of biological samples. The fundamental improvements in the preparation of tailored RAMs and the diversity of applications with these phases are presented. Insights into diminishing the matrix effect by the use of RAM supports in methods by LC-MS and into the low number of methods for enantiomeric separations by direct injections of biological samples are addressed. The diversity of systems that incorporate RAMs for selective sample clean-up or fractionation in proteome and peptidome analysis is also covered.

Bulk derivatization and cation exchange restricted access media-based trap-and-elute liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of trace estrogens in serum

“…The combination of size exclusion and conventional hydrophobic or ion exchange interaction in one phase allows exclusion of macromolecules, such as proteins or other large molecules, from an injected biological matrix, while small hydrophobic or ionic analytes, depending on chromatographic mode, are retained. This system permits on-line sample preparation by trapping the analytes and then directly eluting them onto an analytical column for separation [29,30]. A RAM system has been used for quantitative determination of dansylated bisphenol A in human saliva [31].…”

Restricted access media as a streamlined approach toward on‐line sample preparation: Recent advancements and applications

“…In this review, ISP is defined to encompass a number of different types of RAM that may have been separated into their own individual classifications in previous reviews [32,34,36,38,39]. Despite their differences, the fundamental basis of the ISP materials is maintained across the different variations of their internal and external surface phases.…”

“…Implementation in method development has been facilitated with advancements in multidimensional chromatography instrument technology and software programing [23][24][25][26][27]. A wealth of literature featuring the use of RAM in a number of different application areas has been reported [19,20,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. For LC-MS-based methods, RAM allow one to rapidly remove matrix inferences and reduce ion suppression effects from samples on-line and prior to analyte determination.…”

Development of Liposomal Anticancer Drugs

“…and a methylcellulose-immobilized octadecylsilylated silica SPE column, 24) which is a restricted access media column [25][26][27] capable of direct plasma injection. 24,28) This direct plasma injection approach using the proposed SPE-SPE-HPLc system made it possible to simultaneously measure the encapsulated and released drugs in plasma.…”