Reticular astrocytes in the fish optic nerve: macroglia with epithelial characteristics form an axially repeated lacework pattern, to which nodes of Ranvier are apposed

Maggs, Alison M.; Scholes, John

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-05-01600.1990

Cited by 68 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…We believe that it may be related to the contrasting cellular and anatomical features of these two parts of the visual pathway. First, the goldfish optic nerve contains a unique population of astrocytes, reticular astocytes (Maggs and Scholes, 1990), which form a dense meshwork of fine processes arrayed at right angles to the optic fibers (Levine, 1989;Maggs and Scholes, 1990). These processes are bound to neighboring astrocytes by desmosomes (Wolburg, 1981a;Maggs and Scholes, 1990;Battisti et al, 1995) and at the edge of the optic fascicles astrocyte projections form a dense glia limitans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, the visual paths in fish are populated by two very different types of astrocytes: reticular astrocytes in the optic nerve (Maggs and Scholes, 1990;Levine, 1989) and radial glia in the optic tract (Levine, 1989(Levine, , 1995. This geographic separation into two distinct astrocytic territories, plus the fact that astrocyte cytokines can affect both the proliferation and activation of phagocytic cells (Liu and Chen, 1985;Aloisi et al, 1992;Thery et al, 1992;Glabinski et al, 1996;Kloss et al, 1997), led us to consider that they would be associated with differences in the efficiency of myelin clearance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Myelin debris clearance during Wallerian degeneration in the goldfish visual system

Colavincenzo

Levine

2000

Journal of Neuroscience Research

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We have examined the clearance of myelin debris from the visual pathways of the goldfish during Wallerian degeneration. Both the rate and pattern of myelin disappearance from the optic nerve and tract were determined using immunohistochemistry on frozen sections, as well as plastic sections and electron microscopy. Animals with and without regenerating optic axons were examined in order to determine whether the axons play a role in myelin clearance. We found that myelin is cleared at different rates along the visual paths. Thus, virtually all myelin debris is gone in the optic tract and distal optic nerve stump by 4 weeks after surgery, while in the cranial nerve segment, myelin clearance is still incomplete at 6 weeks postoperative. These temporal and spatial patterns of myelin clearance are the same in animals with and without regenerating axons, thus indicating that growing axons do not influence this process. Finally, ultrastructural observations revealed that both astrocytes and microglia participate in phagocytosing myelin debris in the optic nerve, while in the tract, the vast majority of debris is removed by microglia alone. These data are discussed with regard to possible mechanisms controlling the differential expression of myelin clearance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Myelin debris clearance during Wallerian degeneration in the goldfish visual system

Colavincenzo

Levine

2000

Journal of Neuroscience Research

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“…Although, as described above, we found rows composed by different types of glial cells, the majority of them were constituted of glial cells with the same morphological features ( Figure 7A). The IHC and ultrastructural analyses showed that some of the homogeneous rows were composed of S100 ϩ reticular astrocytes (Figures 2A, 3B, and 7D) (Maggs and Scholes 1990). They possessed a very euchromatic nucleus, thick bundles of intermediate filaments within their cytoplasm, and were joined by desmosomes ( Figure 7D).…”

Section: Intraocular Onhmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Glial Design of a Teleost Optic Nerve Head Supporting Continuous Growth

Lillo¹,

Velasco²,

Jimeno³

et al. 2002

J Histochem Cytochem.

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S U M M A R YThis study demonstrates the peculiarities of the glial organization of the optic nerve head (ONH) of a fish, the tench ( Tinca tinca ), by using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. We employed antibodies specific for the macroglial cells: glutamine synthetase (GS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S100. We also used the N518 antibody to label the new ganglion cells' axons, which are continuously added to the fish retina, and the anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody to specifically locate dividing cells. We demonstrate a specific regional adaptation of the GS-S100-positive Müller cells' vitreal processes around the optic disc, strongly labeled with the anti-GFAP antibody. In direct contact with these Müller cells' vitreal processes, there are S100-positive astrocytes and S100-negative cells ultrastructurally identified as microglial cells. Moreover, a population of PCNA-positive cells, characterized as glioblasts, forms the limit between the retina and the optic nerve in a region homologous to the Kuhnt intermediary tissue of mammals. Finally, in the intraocular portion of the optic nerve there are differentiating oligodendrocytes arranged in rows. Both the glioblasts and the rows of developing cells could serve as a pool of glial elements for the continuous growth of the visual system.

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“…Farther from their cells of origin, growth cones continue to advance along older axons within the retina in the optic nerve and the optic tract and into the tectum. The fish optic nerve is divided into fascicles, each of which is surrounded by astrocytic processes and basal lamina, forming the glia limitans (Maggs and Scholes, 1990). Whether regenerating retinal axons after nerve injury use basal lamina as their preferred substrate was examined by Easter (1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ultrathin sections were examined to identify the various glial cells by their ultrastructural characteristics (Wolburg et al, 1986;Maggs and Scholes, 1990;Peters et al, 1991). The regenerating growth cones were, among the various elements of the lesioned optic nerve, labeled by intraretinal application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP; Stuermer, 1988a,b), and the ceIlular elements with which they were in contact were identified.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth cones of regenerating retinal axons contact a variety of cellular profiles in the transected goldfish optic nerve

Strobel

Stuermer

1994

J of Comparative Neurology

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Following optic nerve transection in goldfish, retinal axons regenerate. To determine what the growth cones use as a substrate for their growth, regenerating growth cones were labeled by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) application to the retina 5-6 days after intraorbital optic nerve section (ONS) and identified at 10-11 days after ONS in the brain sided (distal) portion of the optic nerve in thick and serial ultrathin sections. Leading growth cones (n = 5) were found in intimate contact with a variety of elements: with myelin fragments alone, with myelin fragments and glial cells, and with the basal lamina of the glia limitans and the surface of a fibroblast outside the boundary of previous fascicles.In ultrathin sections of conventionally treated regenerating optic nerves, (unlabeled) axon profiles-in addition to myelin fragments-were seen to be in contact with an astrocyte and an oligodendrocyte, suggesting that the growth cones of these axons may have been associated with those cells. The data suggest that leading growth cones of regenerating axons may be capable of growing along myelin fragments and on a wide variety of cellular surfaces in the goldfish optic nerve.

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Reticular astrocytes in the fish optic nerve: macroglia with epithelial characteristics form an axially repeated lacework pattern, to which nodes of Ranvier are apposed

Cited by 68 publications

References 70 publications

Myelin debris clearance during Wallerian degeneration in the goldfish visual system

Myelin debris clearance during Wallerian degeneration in the goldfish visual system

The Glial Design of a Teleost Optic Nerve Head Supporting Continuous Growth

Growth cones of regenerating retinal axons contact a variety of cellular profiles in the transected goldfish optic nerve

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