Retinal blood flow measurement by circumpapillary Fourier domain Doppler optical coherence tomography

Wang, Yimin; Bower, Bradley A.; Izatt, Joseph A.; Tan, Ou; Huang, David

doi:10.1117/1.2998480

Cited by 168 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In ophthalmic applications the Doppler angle ranges from 70° to 90° for vessels around the optic nerve head [20,21] while at the macula and most other locations it is nearly 90° [22,23]. These steep angles are a result of the parallel orientation of the vasculature with respect to the retinal surface and the nearly perpendicular incidence of the OCT-light [24].…”

Section: Introduction and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiography of the retina and the choroid with phase-resolved OCT using interval-optimized backstitched B-scans

et al. 2012

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Abstract:In conventional phase-resolved OCT blood flow is detected from phase changes between successive A-scans. Especially in high-speed OCT systems this results in a short evaluation time interval. This method is therefore often unable to visualize complete vascular networks since low flow velocities cause insufficient phase changes. This problem was solved by comparing B-scans instead of successive A-scans to enlarge the time interval. In this paper a detailed phase-noise analysis of our OCT system is presented in order to calculate the optimal time intervals for visualization of the vasculature of the human retina and choroid. High-resolution images of the vasculature of a healthy volunteer taken with various time intervals are presented to confirm this analysis. The imaging was performed with a backstitched B-scan in which pairs of small repeated B-scans are stitched together to independently control the time interval and the imaged lateral field size. A time interval of ≥2.5 ms was found effective to image the retinal vasculature down to the capillary level. The higher flow velocities of the choroid allowed a time interval of 0.64 ms to reveal its dense vasculature. Finally we analyzed depth-resolved histograms of volumetric phase-difference data to assess changes in amount of blood flow with depth. This analysis indicated different flow regimes in the retina and the choroid.

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Section: Introduction and Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiography of the retina and the choroid with phase-resolved OCT using interval-optimized backstitched B-scans

et al. 2012

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“…This was done e.g. by Wang et al [6], who measured total venous blood flow in the human retina by scanning around the optic nerve head (ONH) in two concentric circles. An alternative method that avoids acquiring two scans was suggested by Singh et al by tracking circular scans within a reference volume [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the total retinal blood flow using dual beam Fourier-domain Doppler optical coherence tomography with orthogonal detection planes

Doblhoff-Dier¹,

Schmetterer²,

Vilser³

et al. 2014

Biomed. Opt. Express

100

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Abstract:We present a system capable of measuring the total retinal blood flow using a combination of dual beam Fourier-domain Doppler optical coherence tomography with orthogonal detection planes and a fundus camera-based retinal vessel analyzer. Our results show a high degree of conformity of venous and arterial flows, which corroborates the validity of the measurements. In accordance with Murray's law, the log-log regression coefficient between vessel diameter and blood flow was found to be ~3. The blood's velocity scaled linearly with the vessel diameter at higher diameters (> 60 µm), but showed a clear divergence from the linear dependence at lower diameters. Good agreement with literature data and the large range and high measurement sensitivity point to a high potential for further investigations. 673-800 (1987). 33. J. E. Grunwald, C. E. Riva, J. Baine, and A. J. Brucker, "Total retinal volumetric blood flow rate in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control," Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33(2), 356-363 (1992). 34. J. E. Grunwald, J. DuPont, and C. E. Riva, "Retinal haemodynamics in patients with early diabetes mellitus," Br.J. Ophthalmol. 80(4), 327-331 (1996). 35. B. Pemp, E. Polska, G. Garhofer, M. Bayerle-Eder, A. Kautzky-Willer, and L. Schmetterer, "Retinal blood flow in type 1 diabetic patients with no or mild diabetic retinopathy during euglycemic clamp," Diabetes Care 33(9), 2038-2042 (2010 562-568 (1931). 39. T. W. Secomb and A. R. Pries, "Blood viscosity in microvessels: Experiment and theory," C. R. Phys. 14(6), 470-478 (2013). 40. E. Logean, L. Schmetterer, and C. E. Riva, "Velocity Profile of Red Blood Cells in Human Retinal Vessels using Confocal Scanning Laser Doppler Velocimetry," Laser Phys. 13, 45-51 (2003). 41. J. P. Garcia, Jr., P. T. Garcia, and R. B. Rosen, "Retinal blood flow in the normal human eye using the canon laser blood flowmeter," Ophthalmic Res. 34(5), 295-299 (2002)

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“…13,14 Doppler OCT measurements made with the newer semi-automated DOCTORC software agreed closely with the results of manual measurements that we published previously. [1][2][3][4][5] The difference between DOCTORC measurements and manual measurements in individual cases, as measured by CV, is similar to inter-grader differences. This indicates that the difference was primarily associated with subjective portion of the grading process, and not the difference between software.…”

Section: -5mentioning

confidence: 71%

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation

Tan

Wang

Konduru

et al. 2012

JoVE

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Noncontact retinal blood flow measurements are performed with a Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using a circumpapillary double circular scan (CDCS) that scans around the optic nerve head at 3.40 mm and 3.75 mm diameters. The double concentric circles are performed 6 times consecutively over 2 sec. The CDCS scan is saved with Doppler shift information from which flow can be calculated. The standard clinical protocol calls for 3 CDCS scans made with the OCT beam passing through the superonasal edge of the pupil and 3 CDCS scan through the inferonal pupil. This double-angle protocol ensures that acceptable Doppler angle is obtained on each retinal branch vessel in at least 1 scan. The CDCS scan data, a 3-dimensional volumetric OCT scan of the optic disc scan, and a color photograph of the optic disc are used together to obtain retinal blood flow measurement on an eye. We have developed a blood flow measurement software called "Doppler optical coherence tomography of retinal circulation" (DOCTORC). This semi-automated software is used to measure total retinal blood flow, vessel cross section area, and average blood velocity. The flow of each vessel is calculated from the Doppler shift in the vessel cross-sectional area and the Doppler angle between the vessel and the OCT beam. Total retinal blood flow measurement is summed from the veins around the optic disc. The results obtained at our Doppler OCT reading center showed good reproducibility between graders and methods (<10%). Total retinal blood flow could be useful in the management of glaucoma, other retinal diseases, and retinal diseases. In glaucoma patients, OCT retinal blood flow measurement was highly correlated with visual field loss (R 2 >0.57 with visual field pattern deviation). Doppler OCT is a new method to perform rapid, noncontact, and repeatable measurement of total retinal blood flow using widely available Fourierdomain OCT instrumentation. This new technology may improve the practicality of making these measurements in clinical studies and routine clinical practice. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at http://www.jove.com/video/3524/ Protocol 1. Protocol Text 1. Patients are scanned by RTVue Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) using the circumpapillary double-circular scan (CDCS) and the 3D optic disc scan. 1. The CDCS pattern consists of two concentric circles around the optic nerve head. The inner ring diameter is 3.40 mm and the outer ring diameter is 3.75 mm. This pattern transects all branch retinal arteries and veins emanating from the optic nerve head. The double circles are performed 6 times in a single scan to cover about 2 cardiac cycles. To calculate Flow velocity, Doppler shift and Doppler will be estimated on vessel detected in the OCT image. (Figure 1a, Figure 1b) 2. A "dual angle" protocol is used to acquire Doppler OCT scans. In the "dual-angle" protocol, 3 scans are obtained with the OCT beam passing through the superona...

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Retinal blood flow measurement by circumpapillary Fourier domain Doppler optical coherence tomography

Cited by 168 publications

References 33 publications

Angiography of the retina and the choroid with phase-resolved OCT using interval-optimized backstitched B-scans

Angiography of the retina and the choroid with phase-resolved OCT using interval-optimized backstitched B-scans

Measurement of the total retinal blood flow using dual beam Fourier-domain Doppler optical coherence tomography with orthogonal detection planes

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation

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