“…Since processing time increases exponentially with increasing numbers of thresholds, traditional techniques will take considerable time to search for the optimal threshold. Consequently, meta-heuristic algorithms have been used as excellent stochastic meta-heuristic techniques to overcome the high processing time and accuracy problems [23]- [25]. Recently, many meta-heuristic algorithms have been proposed for image segmentation, such as genetic algorithm (GA) [26], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [27]- [29], ant-colony optimization algorithm [30], whale optimization algorithm (WOA) [31], honey bee mating (HBM) optimization [32], multi-verse optimizer [33], cuckoo search (CS) [34], symbiotic organisms search (SOS) [35], Harris hawks optimization algorithm (HHA) [36], and mothflame optimization algorithm (MFA) [31], flower pollination algorithm (FPA) [37], crow search algorithm [38], grey wolf optimizer [39], bee colony algorithm (BCA) [40], locust search algorithm (LSA) [41] and firefly optimization algorithm (FFA) [42].…”