RETRACTED: MicroRNA‐16 inhibits glioma cell growth and invasion through suppression of BCL2 and the nuclear factor‐κB1/MMP9 signaling pathway

Abstract

Recent studies have identified a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, named microRNA (miRNA), that is dysregulated in malignant brain glioblastoma. Substantial data have indicated that miRNA-16 (miR-16) plays a significant role in tumors of various origins. This miRNA has been linked to various aspects of carcinogenesis, including cell apoptosis and migration. However, the molecular functions of miR-16 in gliomagenesis are largely unknown. We have shown that the expression of miR-16 in human brain glioma tissues was lower than in non-cancerous brain tissues, and that the expression of miR-16 decreased with increasing degrees of malignancy. Our data suggest that the expression of miR-16 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB1 was negatively correlated with glioma levels. MicroRNA-16 decreased glioma malignancy by downregulating NF-κB1 and MMP9, and led to suppressed invasiveness of human glioma cell lines SHG44, U87, and U373. Our results also indicated that upregulation of miR-16 promoted apoptosis by suppressing BCL2 expression. Finally, the upregulation of miR-16 in a nude mice model of human glioma resulted in significant suppression of glioma growth and invasiveness. Taken together, our experiments have validated the important role of miR-16 as a tumor suppressor gene in glioma growth and invasiveness, and revealed a novel mechanism of miR-16-mediated regulation in glioma growth and invasiveness through inhibition of BCL2 and the NF-κB1/MMP-9 signaling pathway. Therefore, our experiments suggest the possible future use of miR-16 as a therapeutic target in gliomas.

Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 plays an important role in glycochenodeoxycholate-induced survival and chemoresistance in HCC

“…At present, many inhibitors and microRNAs targeting Bcl-2 have been studied. miR-16 can inhibit glioma cell growth and invasion through the suppression of Bcl-2 (27). miR-18, a tumor-suppressive miRNA directly targeting Bcl-2, participated in suppression of cell proliferation and survival in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (29).…”

“…Genetic polymorphisms in the Bcl-2 gene may be associated with the risk of endometrial cancer in Chinese women (26). Some studies found that inhibitors and microRNA targeting Bcl-2 had effect on treatment of gliomas (27), myeloma (28), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (29), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (30), aclcoholic liver disease (31), colorectal (32), gastric cancer (33) and melanoma (34).…”

MicroRNA-873 (MiRNA-873) Inhibits Glioblastoma Tumorigenesis and Metastasis by Suppressing the Expression of IGF2BP1

“…For instance, miR-21 acts as an antiapoptotic factor in GBM by targeting the p53 network (8 -10); miR-10b is involved in the cell cycle and programmed cell death via regulating the expression of Bim, TFAP2C, p16, and p21 (11); miR-218 inhibits cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and stem-like qualities by targeting Bmi1 (12); miR-195 negatively regulates the proliferation of glioma cells by down-regulating the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 (13); miR-137 inhibits the growth of glioma cells by directly targeting Rac1 (14); and miR-16 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in glioma growth and invasiveness via the inhibition of BCL2 and the NF-KB1/MMP-9 signaling pathway (15). All of these miRNAs play important roles in the development of the malignant GBM phenotype.…”

MiR-34c induces apoptosis and inhibits the viability of M4e cells by targeting BCL2

“…BCL2 contributes a crucial role in cell death, apoptosis, migration and invasion (3,9,23,24). Previous studies have reported that BCL2 is involved in the pathogenesis of laryngeal cancer (10)(11)(12).…”