Retrospective evaluation of 80 non‐surviving buffaloes with diaphragmatic hernia

Comparison of four ultrasonographic approaches for the diagnosis ofacquired reticular diaphragmatic hernia in Bovidae

“…This may be due to the presence of an incarcerated hernia or firm adhesions of the herniated reticulum with surrounding structures that prevented normal contraction or because sometimes no contractions can be sonographically detected. Serosa of the herniated reticulum has been observed to form extensive firm fibrinous adhesions with hernia ring and serofibrinous adhesions with parietal pleura, lungs, and pericardium (3,9,22), and this might affect its contractions. In the present study, all of the animals had adhesions of the herniated reticulum with torn edges of the diaphragm and the pleura, but amotility or reduction in amplitude of the reticular contractions could not be sonographically correlated to the severity of adhesions.…”

“…The subfamily Bovidae is a diverse group of mammals and includes domestic cattle, water buffaloes, African buffaloes, bison, yaks, and antelopes. Diaphragmatic hernia has frequently been reported in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) (2-4) but rarely in purebred (Bos indicus) (5-7) and crossbred cattle (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) (8,9), where it may be congenital (5) or acquired (1,3,4,6,7,9). As the reticulum is the most commonly herniated organ (1,3,4,9), the condition has been referred to as reticular diaphragmatic hernia (RDH) (10,11).…”

“…Diaphragmatic hernia has frequently been reported in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) (2-4) but rarely in purebred (Bos indicus) (5-7) and crossbred cattle (Bos indicus × Bos taurus) (8,9), where it may be congenital (5) or acquired (1,3,4,6,7,9). As the reticulum is the most commonly herniated organ (1,3,4,9), the condition has been referred to as reticular diaphragmatic hernia (RDH) (10,11). The inherent weakness of the diaphragm, its progressive weakening due to reticuloperitonitis, and other conditions that increase intraabdominal pressure such as ruminal tympany, a violent fall, advanced pregnancy, the calving process, chronic cough, and straining could be exacerbating factors for RDH (1,2).…”

Diaphragmatic Hernia in a Two-Year-Old Alpaca (Vicugna pacos)

“…2,12 In domestic cattle and buffalo, acquired DH is mostly observed in adult animals that are either in late gestation or have recently calved, with the reticulum being the most common organ herniated. 1,3,14 Other conditions that can cause acquired DH include ruminal tympany; chronic cough; violent fall; breeding accidents in bulls; and progressive weakening of the diaphragm adjacent to a site of traumatic reticuloperitonitis due to a perforating foreign body, such as a wire. 1,3,11,14 Traumatic reticuloperitonitis is the main cause of DH in buffalo in which it usually presents as a chonic wasting and inflammatory disorder.…”

“…1,3,14 Other conditions that can cause acquired DH include ruminal tympany; chronic cough; violent fall; breeding accidents in bulls; and progressive weakening of the diaphragm adjacent to a site of traumatic reticuloperitonitis due to a perforating foreign body, such as a wire. 1,3,11,14 Traumatic reticuloperitonitis is the main cause of DH in buffalo in which it usually presents as a chonic wasting and inflammatory disorder. 1 There was no history of trauma or evidence of a foreign body in the animal described in this report.…”