Review—Electrochemical Approaches and Advances towards the Detection of Drug Resistance

Abstract

Drug resistance in bacteria and cancer is a growing problem that decreases drug treatment effectiveness and increases the severity of bacterial infections as well as cancer mortality. Due to their high sensitivity, low cost, and rapid analysis time, electrochemical methods have been increasingly employed to tackle this challenge throughout the last decade. This review covers literature on the electrochemical characterization of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as advances in analyzing interactions between drug compounds and biological cells. Recent developments towards the quantitative detection of drug resistance in bacteria and cancer by electrochemistry are discussed, and the use of specialized electrochemical instrumentation, such as scanning electrochemical microscopy, is highlighted.

Biosafety chemistry and biosafety materials: A new perspective to solve biosafety problems

“…Chemical science may play a vital role in diverse stages when solving biosafety problems, including inspection, detection [20] , [21] , disinfection, prevention, and treatment [22] . For example, chemical drugs and reagents which can inhibit and kill microbes have been widely applied in disinfection, antisepsis, and treatment as disinfectants, preservatives, therapeutic agents, etc.…”

Pico-molar electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin at composite electrodes

“…Nearly 10 million people worldwide lose their lives every year, because of antibiotic resistance. 5–10…”

“…Nearly 10 million people worldwide lose their lives every year, because of antibiotic resistance. [5][6][7][8][9][10] One antibiotic that is commonly administered to cure infections against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, and is becoming more and more a target of drug resistance, is Ciprofloxacin (Cip), a second-generation fluoroquinolone. 11,12 Inside the body, Cip is partially metabolized in both humans and livestock, and excreted as waste products.…”

Graphene Oxide Electroreduced onto Boron-Doped Diamond and Electrodecorated with Silver (Ag/GO/BDD) Electrode for Tetracycline Detection in Aqueous Solution

“…Carbon-based materials have remarkable characteristics, such as: high surface area, high electrical conductivity, electron mobility at room temperature, flexibility and mechanical strength, making them very attractive in the field of sensor design. Of these carbonaceous materials, due to its electrical conductivity and very high surface area, graphene is ideal for electrochemical applications [20][21][22][23]. The boron diamond electrode (BDD) is recognized for its outstanding properties in very good results in electrochemical detection and electrochemical applications, such as: reproducibility, low background current, wide potential window, stability.…”