Review of atomic MEMS: driving technologies and challenges

Dong, Haifeng; Fang, Jiancheng; Zhou, Binquan; Qin, Jie; Wan, Shuangai

doi:10.1007/s00542-010-1089-6

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Recent approaches for the storing as well as the delay of single photons stemming from semiconductor QDs were mainly based on hot atom vapor cells that can be easily utilized for free‐space applications . However, also the on‐chip integration of such vapor cells is currently under investigation …”

Section: Gaas‐based Photonic Integrated Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Integrated Quantum Photonics

et al. 2019

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Quantum mechanics promises to have a strong impact on many aspects of research and technology, improving classical analogues via purely quantum effects. A large variety of tasks are currently under investigation, for example, the implementation of quantum computing, sensing, metrology, and communication. From a general perspective, in a similar way as classical computing benefited by the reduction of the device footprint, enabling the realization of highly complex chips, a range of quantum applications will sensibly improve thanks to the successful realization of on-chip quantum photonics. Conversely to bulky table-top experiments, it would be very advantageous to transfer all required functionalities on the same quantum photonic chip. The key elements for quantum photonic circuits are on-demand nonclassical light sources, a versatile photonic logic, the ability to store quantum information, and highly efficient detectors, directly integrated on-chip. Among several systems capable of the efficient generation of singleand indistinguishable photons, quantum dots are rapidly establishing as one of the most appealing candidates. This paper reviews the recent progress in the on-chip integration of quantum-dot-based nonclassical light sources as well as in the development of the main building blocks, either integrated monolithically or hybridly on a compact and scalable platform. IntroductionFrom the foundation of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century to explain fundamental physical observations, over the development of transistors and lasers in the 1950s and 1960s, the second quantum revolution is now in full swing. The driving force behind this continuing "quantum footrace" are quantum mechanical effects based on superposition and entanglement that can lead to profound changes. Especially in the field of quantum information science, dramatic improvements are expected in terms of increased computational speed and communication security if compared with classical counterparts.Talking about quantum supremacy, two problems-Grover's algorithm for the efficient search in large unsorted databases and Shor's algorithm for the prime factorization of large integers-are frequently mentioned. [1][2][3] Grover's quantum search algorithm can find an element of a search space M in O( √ M) operations compared to the best known classical algorithms approximately requiring O(M) steps. [4] Shor's algorithm can prime factorize large integers with N bits in polynomial speed compared to the exponential scaling of classical algorithms. Currently, several cryptography schemes in electronic communication systems rely on the difficulty of prime factorization as its security method. Consequently, a quantum computer could break the cryptographic keys quickly by calculating or searching exhaustively all key possibilities, which may allow an eavesdropper to intercept the communication channel. [5] However, quantum key distribution schemes can be alternatively used, which are based on the secure exchange of a cryptographic key between remote...

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Section: Gaas‐based Photonic Integrated Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Integrated Quantum Photonics

et al. 2019

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“…The operational principles and the detailed description of CSAC have been widely shown in the literature relating to the subject and therefore will not be discussed here [3,6,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological Assessment of MEMS Alkali Vapor Cells for Atomic References

Knapkiewicz

2018

Micromachines

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This paper is a review that surveys work on the fabrication of miniature alkali vapor cells for miniature and chip-scale atomic clocks. Technology on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) cells from the literature is described in detail. Special attention is paid to alkali atom introduction methods and sealing of the MEMS structure. Characteristics of each technology are collated and compared. The article’s rhetoric is guided by the proposed classification of MEMS cell fabrication methods and contains a historical outline of MEMS cell technology development.

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“…Atomic sensors, which are based on atomic spectroscopy and light-atom interaction, serve as precision measurement sensors in various applications [ 1 , 2 ]. Normally, atomic sensors are categorized as atomic clocks, magnetometers, gyroscopes, interferometers, and other types of sensors [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfabricated Vapor Cells with Reflective Sidewalls for Chip Scale Atomic Sensors

et al. 2018

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We investigate the architecture of microfabricated vapor cells with reflective sidewalls for applications in chip scale atomic sensors. The optical configuration in operation is suitable for both one-beam and two-beam (pump & probe) schemes. In the miniaturized vapor cells, the laser beam is reflected twice by the aluminum reflectors on the wet etched 54.7° sidewalls to prolong the optical length significantly, thus resulting in a return reflectance that is three times that of bare silicon sidewalls. To avoid limitations faced in the fabrication process, a simpler, more universal and less constrained fabrication process of microfabricated vapor cells for chip scale atomic sensors with uncompromised performance is implemented, which also decreases the fabrication costs and procedures. Characterization measurements show that with effective sidewall reflectors, mm3 level volume and feasible hermeticity, the elongated miniature vapor cells demonstrate a linear absorption contrast improvement by 10 times over the conventional micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) vapor cells at ~50 °C in the rubidium D1 absorption spectroscopy experiments. At the operating temperature of ~90 °C for chip scale atomic sensors, a 50% linear absorption contrast enhancement is obtained with the reflective cell architecture. This leads to a potential improvement in the clock stability and magnetometer sensitivity. Besides, the coherent population trapping spectroscopy is applied to characterize the microfabricated vacuum cells with 46.3 kHz linewidth in the through cell configuration, demonstrating the effectiveness in chip scale atomic sensors.

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Review of atomic MEMS: driving technologies and challenges

Cited by 16 publications

References 53 publications

Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Integrated Quantum Photonics

Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Integrated Quantum Photonics

Technological Assessment of MEMS Alkali Vapor Cells for Atomic References

Microfabricated Vapor Cells with Reflective Sidewalls for Chip Scale Atomic Sensors

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