Review of Smoke Toxicity of Fiber-Polymer Composites  Used in Aircraft

Mouritz, A.P.

doi:10.2514/1.36472

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…6,7 Therefore, many investigations describe such a technique to measure the thermal degradation and fire behaviour of several structural composite materials, and a large database is available pertaining to their time to ignition, heat release rates (HRRs), combustion toxicity and so on. 2,8–21 In many of these studies, the HRR is identified as the best indicator of the fire hazard, 22 as it can be taken to be directly related to the extent of the fire spread and to other secondary fire hazards. The quantity of heat released from a composite is generally controlled by the combustion of flammable volatiles released from the decomposition of the resin matrix and thus influencing the CO/CO 2 ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of the effect of thickness on the thermal degradation and flammability characteristics of some composite materials using a cone calorimeter

Fateh

Kahanji

Joseph

et al. 2017

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of the effect of thickness on the thermal degradation and flammability characteristics of some composite materials using a cone calorimeter

Fateh

Kahanji

Joseph

et al. 2017

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…In Section 2, general formulas for the FED that include all types of toxic gases are discussed. It is well‐known that carbon monoxide has the greatest individual hazard, as reviewed by Mouritz 35 . In studying postmortem blood samples taken from 360 people who died in aircraft fires by Chaturvedi and Sanders, 36 carbohemoglobin saturation levels were high enough to impair life survival performance.…”

Section: Simplified Expressions For Fedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Chow

Han

et al. 2020

Fire and Materials

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Summary Toxicity of smoke generated in a fire is difficult to measure accurately. That is because gas sensors for measuring rapidly varying concentrations of toxic gases are not yet developed. Simple expressions are searched for quick measurement in assessing smoke toxicity practically. Four equations on calculating fractional effective dose (FED) related to toxic effluents were reported in the literature, each based on different assumptions. FED value was proposed to be calculated based on peak carbon monoxide concentration and peak carbon dioxide concentration, and transient carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations. The four values were compared in this article using literature data on toxic gases from different materials measured by (i) cone calorimeter; (ii) full‐scale burning tests; and (iii) tunnel full‐scale tests. Measured carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations by standard equipment of oxygen consumption calorimeters were used to calculate the four FED values. It is found that the values of FED based on peak carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentrations (denoted as FED2) are similar to the average values of FED calculated from the updated equation in the literature using the oxygen consumption calorimeters. Putting the values of FED2 in fire safety design guides is then recommended.

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“…As a result, both the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) require us to consider fire protection, flame retardancy, combustion product toxicity, and other thermal issues of composite aircraft structures in airworthiness certification [ 3 ]. For this reason, the generic material combustion computational model, ThermaKin [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] and a toxicity assessment model [ 8 , 9 , 10 ] have been developed by FAA. In addition, Tranchard [ 11 ] developed a material thermal response model based on SEMCEF for fire environments and validated it with the T700/M21 composite material used in Airbus 350.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism Identification and Kinetics Analysis of Thermal Degradation for Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin

et al. 2021

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For carbon fiber epoxy resin used in aerostructure, thermal degradation mechanism and kinetics play an important role in the evaluation of thermal response and combustion characteristics. However, the thermal decomposition process and mechanism are difficult to unify strictly due to the complexity of the components from different suppliers. In the present study, a product of carbon fiber epoxy resin made by AVIC(Aviation Industry Corporation of China) composite corporation is examined to identify its thermal degradation mechanism and pyrolysis products by measurements, including simultaneous thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, establish the kinetic model by Kissinger/Friedman/Ozawa/Coats-Redfern methods. The results show thermal degradation occurs in three steps under the inert atmosphere, but in four steps under air atmosphere, respectively. The first two steps in both environments are almost the same, including drying, carbon dioxide escape and decomposition of the epoxy resin. In the third step of inert atmosphere, phenol is formed, methane decreases, carbon monoxide basically disappears and carbon dioxide production increases. However, in air, thermal oxidation of the carbonaceous residues and intermolecular carbonization are observed. Furthermore, thermal degradation reaction mechanism submits to the F4 model. These results provide fundamental and comprehensive support for the application of carbon fiber epoxy resin in aircraft industry.

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Review of Smoke Toxicity of Fiber-Polymer Composites Used in Aircraft

Cited by 24 publications

References 51 publications

A study of the effect of thickness on the thermal degradation and flammability characteristics of some composite materials using a cone calorimeter

A study of the effect of thickness on the thermal degradation and flammability characteristics of some composite materials using a cone calorimeter

Assessing smoke toxicity of burning combustibles by four expressions for fractional effective dose

Mechanism Identification and Kinetics Analysis of Thermal Degradation for Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin

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