Review on microgrids protection

Review of the State of the Art on Adaptive Protection for Microgrids Based on Communications

“…Communication systems are vulnerable to malicious cyber-attacks. If the protection systems in place do not perform appropriately, such attacks can potentially harm the physical domain [13]. Cyberattacks can be classified in two main categories: Network Security attacks and Goose & SMV message attacks [7].…”

“…The Standard IEC 61850 includes messaging protocols for control and grid automation that are ideal for adaptive protection. Although various review papers on adaptive microgrid protection and their communication schemes have been published [6], [7], [13], [14], none of them actually considers the possibility of using emerging 5G mobile communications as part of their proposed solutions. We try here to fill this gap by reviewing of the state-of-the-art of adaptive protection focusing on the communication aspects and how 5G technologies can be deployed as an enabling technology.…”

Power quality control through automated demand side management in microgrid equipped with battery energy storage for protection

“…• Optimum use of BES: to make the overall system more reliable, secure and operational [19][20][21] • optimal protection: ESS coordinated with DG to synthesise the system [18] • protection devices: coordinated with backup for voltage relay under fault condition [13] • CB coordination: developed for relay device with/without BES • protection challenges: effect of DG units, fault levels, security issues and efficient use of CBs [22] • primary and secondary backup of protection: provided protection coordination and maintained voltage regulation [14,15] benefits of proposed methodology: power quality can be controlled through ADSM in microgrid equipped with BES for protection utilising single MGCC/CPU controller • protection device with BES system as a multifunctional unit: to improve PQ, THD, PF etc. [23] • failures in CBs: reduced with proper strategies and backup [16] • protection scheme to ESS: maintained balanced operation during transition and fault condition [27] • backup protection: provided to operate standby CB [17] • mis-coordination: affected the operation of equipment and relay circuit [24] • problem of coordination: avoided malfunctioning in main and backup relays using AMFA [25] • digital modular protection: reduced dependency on protective relay coordination to make fast, accurate and reliable system [28] • backup for overcurrent protective relays: provided the bidirectional flow of power to maintain PQ of microgrid [29] IET Gener.…”

“…So, it has been identified that extra energy backup will make the secure operation of the relay device during the major operation in microgrid system. Beheshtaein et al [22] reviewed protection challenges considering the effect of DG units, different levels of fault, security issues and efficient use of CBs in AC and DC microgrids. Some of the relays cannot initiate the protective action if the fault occurs during the power swing.…”

Convolutional Neural Network‐Based Intelligent Protection Strategy for Microgrids

“…Consequently, the protection schemes designed for the traditional distribution networks cannot be applied to the microgrids without significant modifications and may face problems such as sympathetic tripping, sensitivity loss, blinding of protection, and miss-coordination [8]. A protection strategy for a microgrid must cope with the aforementioned problems and should be adaptable, reliable, accurate, and fast to protect sensitive loads and to maintain the stability within microgrids [9].…”