Review: The Application of Liquid Chromatography Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of Drugs of Abuse

Abstract

This review (4 tables, 88 references) describes current developments in the design and application of liquid chromatography electrochemical detection (LC ED) based approaches for the determination of drugs of abuse. Specific emphasis is placed on operating details and performance characteristics for selected applications. LC ED has been shown to be highly sensitive and specific as well being a more economic option. A wide range of abused substances have been determined using this approach, including: cannabinoids, ethanol, opiates, morphine, mushroom toxins, benzodiazepines and several legal highs. Reverse-phase liquid chromatography with either amperometric or coulometric determination has been the most commonly reported applications. However, coulometric arrays have been also reported. Detection limits in the ng/mL region have been reported for most target analytes.

Versatile additively manufactured (3D printed) wall-jet flow cell for high performance liquid chromatography-amperometric analysis: application to the detection and quantification of new psychoactive substances (NBOMes)

“…45,46 In addition, jetting of the solution on to the electrode surface minimised the electrode fouling and overcame memory effect by continuous cleaning of the working electrode surface. 44,47 Because of these advantages, in this work an AM/3D printed wall-jet based ow cell was designed for use in conjunction with liquid chromatography. The key parameters involved in the design were the incorporation of different working electrode substrates, the sealing of the system and the distance between the solution inlet and working electrode surface.…”

Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance for Sensitive Detection of Safrole

“…There are many conventional analytical methods for detecting drugs, which are mainly chromatographic-based, such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [ 4 , 5 ]. Although these methods are very sensitive and selective, they are costly, not handy, and difficult to operate.…”

Panorama Da Eletroquímica E Eletroanalítica No Brasil

“…Adicionalmente, outros desenvolvimentos têm contribuído para melhorar a detecção eletroquímica nas técnicas CLAE como, por exemplo, a utilização de líquidos iônicos como eluente e a utilização de técnicas de geração de pulsos diferenciados. 41,42 Adicionalmente, outra grande contribuição para a detecção eletroquímica tem sido a utilização de sensores eletroquímicos que utilizam a técnica de condutimetria acoplada à técnica de eletroforese capilar. Esta contribuição tem permitido a detecção de espécies com pequenos limites de detecção, bem como aberto uma nova possibilidade de detecção eletroquímica condutométrica sem o contato físico da solução com os eletrodos.…”