Reward enhances backward inhibition in task switching

Jiang, Hao; Xu, Bo

doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.878717

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It is interesting that our Experiment 2 seems to demonstrate both a reduced (i.e., absent) contextual modulation of the congruency sequence effect following low reward and an enhanced modulation following high reward. This observation is concordant with earlier studies that investigated the effects of learning signals on behavior and observed an absence of their behavioral effect of interest following low or no learning signals (Braem et al, 2013a, 2012; Hickey et al, 2010a, 2010b, 2011; Jiang & Xu, in press; Muhle-Karbe & Krebs, 2012). Similarly, these studies demonstrated that the introduction of a motivationally significant learning signal creates a context where both the salient learning signal (i.e., high reward) and its counterpart (i.e., low reward or no reward) receive an informative value.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Feedback regarding action outcomes is well known to play a role in guiding this type of cognitive control. In spite of this, cognitive control researchers have only recently started to investigate the manner in which explicit feedback impacts cognitive control processes (e.g., Braem, Duthoo, & Notebaert, 2013a; Braem, Verguts, Roggeman, & Notebaert, 2012; Jiang & Xu, in press; Stürmer, Nigbur, Schacht, & Sommer, 2011). Recent empirical evidence has demonstrated how trial-to-trial cognitive adaptations processes can be tied to specific stimulus (Spapé & Hommel, 2008) or response features (Braem, Verguts, & Notebaert, 2011), arguing for the context-sensitivity of cognitive control (Blais, Robidoux, Risko, & Besner, 2007; Davelaar & Stevens, 2009; Verguts & Notebaert, 2008, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reward determines the context-sensitivity of cognitive control.

Braem

Hickey

Duthoo

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Reward is thought to enhance cognitive control processes in various ways, but the impact of reward on the context-sensitivity of cognitive control remains unclear. Evidence from perception and attention studies suggests that a good outcome, in contrast to a suboptimal outcome, acts to increase saliency and attentional capture for attended visual features that led to this outcome. As a consequence, such features gain a competitive advantage in future perception. In the present article, we investigate the possibility that this interplay between reward and contextual visual features can impact the scope of higher cognitive control processes, specifically conflict monitoring. To this end, we ran 2 experiments. First, by combining a visual search paradigm with a letter flanker task, we demonstrate how the congruency sequence effect can be observed when salient task irrelevant features repeat, but disappears when those features alternate. These findings are in line with earlier observations on the context-sensitivity of cognitive control. In a second experiment, we added a reward manipulation, demonstrating that this context-sensitivity is promoted following high reward but disappears following low reward. The results suggest a role for reward in modulating the context-sensitivity and scope of cognitive control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward determines the context-sensitivity of cognitive control.

Braem

Hickey

Duthoo

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…For instance, rewards can increase response speed (Capa, Bouquet, Dreher, & Dufour, 2013 ; Kleinsorge & Rinkenauer, 2012 ; Umemoto & Holroyd, 2015 ). In addition, monetary incentives have shown to enhance perceptual discrimination (Engelmann, Damaraju, Padmala, & Pessoa, 2009 ), short-term memory (Jimura, Locke, & Braver, 2010 ), inhibitory control in antisaccade tasks (Chung et al, 2011 ; Geier, Terwilliger, Teslovich, Velanova, & Luna, 2010 ; Padmanabhan, Geier, Ordaz, Teslovich, & Luna, 2011 ), and the efficiency of switching between different tasks (Braem et al, 2012 ; Jiang & Xu, 2014 ; Nieuwenhuis & Monsell, 2002 ). Rewards can also influence cognitive control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulating proactive cognitive control by reward: differential anticipatory effects of performance-contingent and non-contingent rewards

Yamaguchi

Nishimura

2018

Psychological Research

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The present study investigated the influences of two different forms of reward presentation in modulating cognitive control. In three experiments, participants performed a flanker task for which one-third of trials were precued for a chance of obtaining a reward (reward trials). In Experiment 1, a reward was provided if participants made the correct response on reward trials, but a penalty was given if they made an incorrect response on these trials. The anticipation of this performance-contingent reward increased response speed and reduced the flanker effect, but had little influence on the sequential modulation of the flanker effect after incompatible trials. In Experiment 2, participants obtained a reward randomly on two-thirds of the precued reward trials and were given a penalty on the remaining one-third, regardless of their performance. The anticipation of this non-contingent reward had little influence on the overall response speed or flanker effect, but reduced the sequential modulation of the flanker effect after incompatible trials. Experiment 3 also used performance non-contingent rewards, but participants were randomly penalized more often than they were rewarded; non-contingent penalty had little influence on the sequential modulation of the flanker effect. None of the three experiments showed a reliable influence of the actual acquisition of rewards on task performance. These results indicate anticipatory effects of performance-contingent and non-contingent rewards on cognitive control with little evidence of aftereffects.

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“… 1 , 2 Many factors are known to affect the course of EF in human life, such as social environment, emotional status, and physical health. 3 Consequently, EF impairments are highly associated with dysfunction in different life domains, e.g., employment and personal relationships. 4 Therefore, efforts in the neuropsychology area are necessary to provide assessment tools and performance parameters for assessments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brazilian preliminary norms and investigation of age and education effects on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color and Word test and Digit Span test in adults

Zimmermann

Cardoso

Trentini

et al. 2015

Dement. neuropsychol.

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Executive functions are involved in a series of human neurological and psychiatric disorders. For this reason, appropriate assessment tools with age and education adjusted norms for symptom diagnosis are necessary.ObjectiveTo present normative data for adults (19-75 year-olds; with five years of education or more) on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (MWCST), Stroop color and word test and Digit Span test. Age and education effects were investigated.MethodsThree samples were formed after inclusion criteria and data analysis: MWCST (n=124); Digit Span (n=123), and Stroop test (n=158). Groups were divided into young (19-39), middle-aged (40-59) and older (60-75) participants with five to eight years of education and nine years of education or more. Two-way ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses were used.ResultsEducation effects were found in most variables of the three tasks. An age effect was only found on color naming and color-word naming speed from the Stroop test. No interactions were detected.ConclusionIn countries with heterogeneous educational backgrounds, the use of stratified norms by education to assess at least some components of executive functions is essential for an ethical and accurate cognitive diagnosis.

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Reward enhances backward inhibition in task switching

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

Reward determines the context-sensitivity of cognitive control.

Reward determines the context-sensitivity of cognitive control.

Modulating proactive cognitive control by reward: differential anticipatory effects of performance-contingent and non-contingent rewards

Brazilian preliminary norms and investigation of age and education effects on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color and Word test and Digit Span test in adults

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