RGS Protein Regulation of Phototransduction

Chen, Ching-Kang Jason

doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.02.004

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Rod outer segment consists of rhodopsin and other proteins. Rhodopsin is the member of G proteincoupled receptor family (Chen 2015). However, purified rhodopsin is found to be uveitogenic in experimental animal models (Schalken et al 1989;Adamus et al 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of unique proteins in vitreous fluid of patients with noninfectious uveitis

Kasudhan¹,

Sarkar²,

Gupta

et al. 2018

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of unique proteins in vitreous fluid of patients with noninfectious uveitis

Kasudhan¹,

Sarkar²,

Gupta

et al. 2018

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…RGS proteins participate in multiple processes in the central nervous system, including synaptic plasticity [5], memory [6], and vision [7]. Therefore, predictably, dysregulation of RGS protein expression is evident and implicated in several CNS disorders [8, 9].…”

Section: Rgs Proteins In Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulating the regulators: Epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational regulation of RGS proteins

Alqinyah

Hooks

2018

Cellular Signalling

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Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are a family of proteins classically known to accelerate the intrinsic GTPase activity of G proteins, which results in accelerated inactivation of heterotrimeric G proteins and inhibition of G protein coupled receptor signaling. RGS proteins play major roles in essential cellular processes, and dysregulation of RGS protein expression is implicated in multiple diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The expression of RGS proteins is highly dynamic and is regulated by epigenetic, transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. This review summarizes studies that report dysregulation of RGS protein expression in disease states, and presents examples of drugs that regulate RGS protein expression. Additionally, this review discusses, in detail, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating RGS protein expression, and further assesses the therapeutic potential of targeting these mechanisms. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the expression of RGS proteins is essential for the development of therapeutics that indirectly modulate G protein signaling by regulating expression of RGS proteins.

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“…The first step in visual transduction is the phototransduction cascade which converts light into chemical signals [30]. Photochemicals adjust light intensities to greater than 10 logarithmic units [31]. Photoreceptors also act as ''photomultipliers with gains of 10 5 (100,000) times" [18].…”

Section: Phototransductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the cytoplasm closes CNG channels, causing the membrane potential to hyperpolarize the cell from À40 mV to À70 mV, blocking glutamate release [31]. The electric chemicals extend through the photoreceptors and visual system [33], hyperpolarizing them by biochemically changing 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal in rhodopsin.…”

Section: Phototransductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How lateral inhibition and fast retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations create vision: A new hypothesis

Jerath¹,

Cearley²,

Barnes

et al. 2016

Medical Hypotheses

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a b s t r a c tThe role of the physiological processes involved in human vision escapes clarification in current literature. Many unanswered questions about vision include: 1) whether there is more to lateral inhibition than previously proposed, 2) the role of the discs in rods and cones, 3) how inverted images on the retina are converted to erect images for visual perception, 4) what portion of the image formed on the retina is actually processed in the brain, 5) the reason we have an after-image with antagonistic colors, and 6) how we remember space. This theoretical article attempts to clarify some of the physiological processes involved with human vision. The global integration of visual information is conceptual; therefore, we include illustrations to present our theory. Universally, the eyeball is 2.4 cm and works together with membrane potential, correspondingly representing the retinal layers, photoreceptors, and cortex. Images formed within the photoreceptors must first be converted into chemical signals on the photoreceptors' individual discs and the signals at each disc are transduced from light photons into electrical signals. We contend that the discs code the electrical signals into accurate distances and are shown in our figures. The pre-existing oscillations among the various cortices including the striate and parietal cortex, and the retina work in unison to create an infrastructure of visual space that functionally ''places" the objects within this ''neural" space. The horizontal layers integrate all discs accurately to create a retina that is pre-coded for distance. Our theory suggests image inversion never takes place on the retina, but rather images fall onto the retina as compressed and coiled, then amplified through lateral inhibition through intensification and amplification on the OFF-center cones. The intensified and amplified images are decompressed and expanded in the brain, which become the images we perceive as external vision. Summary: This is a theoretical article presenting a novel hypothesis about the physiological processes in vision, and expounds upon the visual aspect of two of our previously published articles, ''A unified 3D default space consciousness model combining neurological and physiological processes that underlie conscious experience", and ''Functional representation of vision within the mind: A visual consciousness model based in 3D default space." Currently, neuroscience teaches that visual images are initially inverted on the retina, processed in the brain, and then conscious perception of vision happens in the visual cortex. Here, we propose that inversion of visual images never takes place because images enter the retina as coiled and compressed graded potentials that are intensified and amplified in OFF-center photoreceptors. Once they reach the brain, they are decompressed and expanded to the original size of the image, which is perceived by the brain as the external image. We adduce that pre-existing oscillations (alpha, beta, and gamma) among the various c...

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RGS Protein Regulation of Phototransduction

Cited by 6 publications

References 78 publications

Identification of unique proteins in vitreous fluid of patients with noninfectious uveitis

Identification of unique proteins in vitreous fluid of patients with noninfectious uveitis

Regulating the regulators: Epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational regulation of RGS proteins

How lateral inhibition and fast retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations create vision: A new hypothesis

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