Rheology and fibre orientation in the injection moulding of long fibre reinforced nylon 66 composites

McClelland, Alexander; Gibson, A.G.

doi:10.1016/0956-7143(90)90270-7

Cited by 23 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In order to achieve the optimum condition in industrial processing and to obtain products with better properties, it is necessary to characterize the melt rheology. Polyamide 6 and polyamide 6,6 blends and composites have widely been investigated for their rheological properties (for example, see references ). Researchers have also characterized the glass transition, crystallization, and microstructure of polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 blends .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological characterization of filled polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 solutions in polyols

Patankar

Ginzburg

Billovits

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A thorough understanding of the rheological properties of real-world, formulated polymer melts and solutions is important to fabricate articles via typical melt processing techniques. Polyamides have been studied extensively in the area of water purification applications. In this work, the viscosity of these homogeneous polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 solutions in specific polyols was measured in the single phase region as a function of shear rate and temperature via capillary rheometry. In addition, the viscosity of the same polyamide solutions containing various levels of dispersed, nanoscale calcium carbonate particles was characterized in order to understand the rheology of the filled systems. Viscosity-reduced shear rate master curves were constructed by applying the principle of time-temperature superposition, and the activation energies were measured for the polyamide-polyol solutions. The observed increase in viscosity caused by the addition of nanofiller could not be explained by simply applying a vertical shift to the master curve, and a density exponent was required to account for the stiffening mechanism. Also, the dependence of the relative viscosity on the filler loading was shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that the filler particles were organized in the form of small fractal aggregates. The filled polyamide 11 systems exhibited higher relative viscosities than the filled polyamide 12 systems, indicating a higher level of particle aggregation and larger mean cluster size for the filled polyamide 11 systems.Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological characterization of filled polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 solutions in polyols

Patankar

Ginzburg

Billovits

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The accurate quantification of fibre aspect ratios (length/diameter) is a crucial parameter required for input into theoretical models describing the deformation of fibre‐reinforced composites ( Halpin & Kardos, 1976; Cates & Edwards, 1984; Chin et al ., 1988 ; Bay, 1990; McClelland & Gibson, 1990; Brady & Kardos, 1991; Toll & Andersson, 1991). It is also necessary for both quality and process control as the fibre aspect ratio is a limiting factor of the mechanical properties attainable in short fibre composites ( Curtis et al ., 1978 ; Evans & Gibson, 1986; Denault et al ., 1989 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extending the dynamic range of fibre length and fibre aspect ratios by automated image analysis

Clarke

1999

Journal of Microscopy

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SummaryAn automatic image analysis system has been developed, that is capable of scanning a large sample area (70 mm × 70 mm) using transmitted light microscopy. The analysis, based on transparent algorithms, successfully discriminates between overlapping and touching fibres, so that sample preparation time is minimized. The system utilizes overlapping image frames to reconstruct partial fibre images and impart unique fibre length information in the range micrometres to millimetres. The software has been made adaptable to enable the accurate measurement of fibre lengths for fibres that curve over many millimetres. Data are presented illustrating the accurate measurement of fibre lengths over a large range of fibre aspect ratios.

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“…Application areas for such materials are expanding and with this expansion there is a growing need for the reliable characterization of fibre orientations (Fakirov & Fakirova, 1985;Lovrich & Tucker, 1985;Advani & Tucker, 1987;Konicek, 1987;Toll & Anderson, 1991;Bay & Tucker, 1992;Guild & Summerscales, 1993). Links between processing parameters, mesostructure and mechanical performance are vital if successful progress in this area is to be made (Darlington & McGinley, 1975;Folkes, 1982;Vincent & Agassant, 1986;Fischer & Eyerer, 1988;Haritos et al, 1988;Bay, 1990;McClelland & Gibson, 1990;O'Connell & Ducket, 1991;O'Donnell & White, 1991;Truckenmuller & Fritz, 1991;Hine et al, 1993;Toll & Andersson, 1993;Ludwig et al, 1994). Following previous work in developing image analysis algorithms to measure mesostructural parameters quantitatively (Clarke & Davidson, 1992;Clarke et al, 1993), this paper describes how these methods can be applied to the measurement of fibre orientations over a large sample area (mm × mm).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large‐area, high‐resolution image analysis of composite materials

Davidson

Clarke

Archenhold

1997

Journal of Microscopy

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An image analysis system based on a small network of parallel processors hosted within a PC has been developed to measure the orientations of glass and carbon fibres in a polymer matrix from a polished section using optical microscopy. A computer‐controlled XY translation stage is used to scan a large sample area (mm × mm), at a high magnification to minimize measurement errors. The distance that the stage moves between adjacent image frames is accurately measured allowing partial images at the edges of image frames to be reconstructed and so produce a continuous area. By removing a small amount of material from the sample by polishing and rescanning the same sample area, data from a number of serial sections can be obtained. Pattern matching is then used to correlate the fibre images from each section, allowing full three‐dimensional orientation data to be extracted, overcoming the limitations of measurements from a single, two‐dimensional section plane.

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Rheology and fibre orientation in the injection moulding of long fibre reinforced nylon 66 composites

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Rheological characterization of filled polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 solutions in polyols

Rheological characterization of filled polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 solutions in polyols

Extending the dynamic range of fibre length and fibre aspect ratios by automated image analysis

Large‐area, high‐resolution image analysis of composite materials

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