Rice yield in response to climate trends and drought index in the Mun River Basin, Thailand

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Dissolved Heavy Metals in the Mun River, Northeast Thailand

“…The average runoff rate of the Mun River is about 959 m 3 /s during the wet season and 367 m 3 /s during the dry season [24], and the annual contribution to the Mekong River is about 2.5 × 10 10 m 3 [25] Thailand is among the top ten largest rice-producing countries in the world [18]. The industry area is sporadically distributed in the basin, and the agriculture is well-developed in the Mun River Basin [20], where the main types of agriculture are rice, forest, perennial plants, vegetables, and other Water 2019, 11, 380 4 of 16 plants ( Figure 3). The duration of rice cultivation includes the vegetative stage (July-September), reproductive stage (October), and ripening stage (November) [26].…”

“…[3,8]. In addition, agriculture lands occupy the main area of the drainage basin [18], where the emission sources of agricultural activities have to be taken into consideration, such as commercial fertilizers, pesticides, and sewage sludge containing a variety of heavy metals [19][20][21], which may divert the sources of dissolved heavy metals. Moreover, the factors of heavy metal enrichment may change with the seasons.…”

Dynamics of Vegetation Response to Seasonal Rainfall in the Gomati River Basin (India) using Earth Observation Data Sets

“…rice and the climate variability especially, the rainfall variability on a basin scale have not been explored much. However, many studies were focussed at the level of country and state (Kang et al 2009;Mishra et al 2013;Guan et al 2015;Reda et al 2015;Dhekale et al 2017;Dubey and Sharma 2018;Prabnakorn et al 2018;Bhatt et al 2019). So, with the rising uncertainty in the rainfall variability across the Gangetic basin, it becomes important to take up the impact studies on crop yield at sub-basin scale to comprehend the regional influence of climate on agriculture.…”

“…Therefore, an assessment of crop yield is determined by seasonal rainfall (dryness and wetness) over a site or in a region. Satellite derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a very popular and efficient tool to validate such rainfall influenced crop yield studies (Quarmby et al 1993;Kamthonkiat et al 2005;Upadhyay et al 2008;Son et al 2013;Pang et al 2016;Prabnakorn et al 2018). Gomti river basin in Ganga plains is the area of present study and there have been several studies dealing with its geological, geochemical, morphometry, geomorphology and water quality (physico-chemical analysis) aspects Subramanian 1994 &Singh et al 2004Singh et al & 2005 Dynamics of Vegetation Response to Seasonal Rainfall in the Gomati River Basin (India) using Earth Observation Data Sets Institute of Science, BHU Varanasi, India al., 2010;Singh and Tandon, 2010;Srivastava et al, 2010Srivastava et al, & 2011Kumar et al, 2013;Jigyasu et al 2015;Trivedi et al 2016;Prakash et al 2017).…”

Exogenous Foliar Application of Glycine Betaine to Alleviate Water Deficit Tolerance in Two Indica Rice Genotypes under Greenhouse Conditions

“…In Asia, paddy fields (40%-46% of irrigated area) have been known to consume 2-to 3-fold the volumes of the fresh water used by other crops [7]. A water shortage in the irrigated paddy fields is evidently observed, depending upon the high evaporation rate or the limiting fresh water supply, resulting in reduced productivity [8][9][10][11][12]. Drought stress as a consequence of climate change in rainfed areas is a major constraint to high productivity [13][14][15].…”