2005
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7626
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Risk-Based Consumption Advice for Farmed Atlantic and Wild Pacific Salmon Contaminated with Dioxins and Dioxin-like Compounds

Abstract: We reported recently that several organic contaminants occurred at elevated concentrations in farmed Atlantic salmon compared with concentrations of the same contaminants in wild Pacific salmon [Hites et al. Science 303:226–229 (2004)]. We also found that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), toxaphene, dieldrin, dioxins, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers occurred at higher concentrations in European farm-raised salmon than in farmed salmon from North and South America. Health risks (based on a quantitative cance… Show more

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Cited by 121 publications
(90 citation statements)
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“…Temperatures used in extrusion production of floating fish feeds are well below the boiling point of lipids. 5 : Total n-6 fatty acids, includes 20:3n-6 in addition to individually reported n-6 fatty acids; 6 : Total n-3 fatty acids includes 18:4n-3 in addition to individually reported n-3 fatty acids;…”
Section: Menhaden Fish Oilmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Temperatures used in extrusion production of floating fish feeds are well below the boiling point of lipids. 5 : Total n-6 fatty acids, includes 20:3n-6 in addition to individually reported n-6 fatty acids; 6 : Total n-3 fatty acids includes 18:4n-3 in addition to individually reported n-3 fatty acids;…”
Section: Menhaden Fish Oilmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In 2000, fish meal and oil were both marketed at roughly $400 USD/MT; today, the price of fish meal is $1200 USD/MT and fish oil is priced in excess of $1600 USD/MT [1] . Rising costs have been joined by the issues of sustainability and product safety in creating substantial incentives to reduce the use of marinederived feedstuffs in aquafeeds: Environmental advocates have long-criticized aquaculture's reliance on capture fisheries and the practice of "feeding fish to fish" [2] and recently fish meal and fish oil have been linked with elevated levels of environmental contaminants in farm-raised seafood [3][4][5] . The need to identify alternative raw materials for the burgeoning aquafeed industry is clear, but advances have been slowed by the difficulties in finding suitable alternatives to fish meal and particularly fish oil.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The observed concentra- fish and fishery products seem to be the main contributors to the total 345 dietary intake of these pollutants (Foran et al, 2005;Gochfeld and Burger, 346 2005; Hites et al, 2004;Marcotrigiano and Storelli, 2003;Mozaffarian 347 and Rimm, 2006;Sidhu, 2003;Sioen et al, 2008). than open waters (Lewis et al, 2002;Loizeau, 2001).…”
mentioning
confidence: 94%
“…The risk advisories in the original studies conclude: "To achieve a cancer risk of 1 × 10 -5 , consumption of farmed salmon must be effectively eliminated" (8). Quantitatively, this is translated into advice against consumption of farmed salmon from the North Sea more than once in every 4 months and the least contaminated farmed salmon (from Alaska) more than once or twice per month (9).…”
Section: Conflicting Interpretationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Consumption advice on farmed salmon can range from 0.25 meals per month by EPA standards to perhaps 6 meals per month by internationally accepted risk standards. Foran et al (8) conclude that "divergent consumption recommendations that result from inconsistent risk assessment and exposure reduction methods exacerbate consumer confusion." But they did not quantify the outcomes of alternative analyses, discuss uncertainties in the approaches, or explain why other advisories might differ so widely from theirs.…”
Section: Conflicting Interpretationsmentioning
confidence: 99%